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70 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Common side effect of hypnotic agents
Sedation
Occurs when sedative hypnotics are used chronically or at high doses
Tolerance
The most common type of drug interaction of sedative hypnotics with other depressant medications
Additive CNS depression
Benzodiazepines used to promote sleep
Triazolam, Tem-aza-pam, Flu-raz-e-pam
Benzodiazepine used for anxiety
Alprazolam
Non-benzodiazepine used as an anxiolytic
Buspirone
Non-benzodiazepine used for sleep
Zolpidem
Major effect of benzodiazepines on sleep at high doses
Decreased REM
Neurologic SE of benzodiazepines
ANTEROgrade Amnesia
Reason benzos are used cautiously in pregnancy
Ability to cross the placenta
Main route of metabolism for benzodiazepines
Hepatic
Benzodiazepine that undergo extrahepatic conjugation (useful in older or hepatically impaired patients)
(LOTs) Lorazepam, Oxazepam, Temazepam
MOA for Benzos
Increase FREQUENCY of GABA-mediated Chloride Ion channel opening
Antidote to benzodiazepine overdose (antagonist that reverses the CNS effects)
Flumazenil
Benzodiazepine with useful relaxant effects in skeletal muscle spasticity of central origin
Diazepam
Benzodiazepine that has efficacy against absence seizures, and in anxiety states, such as agoraphobia
Clonazepam
Benzodiazepines that are the most effective in the treatment of panic disorder
Alprazolam, Clonazepam (Panic = Hot, Turn on the AC)
Benzo used for anesthesia
Midazolam
DOC for status epilepticus
Diazepam
Longer acting benzodiazepines used in the management of withdrawal states of alcohol and other drugs
(Alcoholics listen to CD's) Chlor-diaz-epoxide, Diazepam
Agents having active metabolites, long half lives, and a high incidence of adverse effects
(D [the] FCC) Diazepam, Flurazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, Clorazepate
Barbiturates may precipitate this hematologic condition
Acute Intermittent Porphyria
Barbiturates decrease the effectiveness of many other drugs via this pharmacokinetics property
Liver enzyme INDUCTION
Barbiturates MOA
Increase the DURATION of GABA-mediated chloride ion channels
Barbiturate used for the induction of anesthesia
Thiopental
Site of action for zaleplon and zolpidem
Benzodiazepine receptor BZ1 (although are not considered benzodiazepines)
Good hypnotic activity with less CNS SE than most benzodiazepines
(get your ZZ's) Zolpidem (Ambien), Zaleplon (Sonata)
Partial agonist for the 5-HT1A receptor
Buspirone
DOC for Generalized Anxiety Disorder, NOT effective in acute anxiety
Buspirone
Agent that is metabolized to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase and microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system (MEOS)
Ethanol
Agent with zero-order kinetics
Ethanol
Rate limiting step of alcohol metabolism
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
System that increases in activity with chronic exposure and may contribute to tolerance
MEOS
Agent that metabolize acetaldehyde to acetate
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
Agents that inhibit alcohol dehydrogenase
Disulfiram, metronidazole, certain sulfonylureas and cephalosporins
Agent used in the treatment of alcoholism, if alcohol is consumed concurrently, acetaldehyde builds up and results in nausea, headache, flushing, and hypotension
Disulfiram
The most common neurologic abnormality in chronic alcoholics
Peripheral neuropathy (also excessive alcohol use is associated with HTN, anemia, and MI)
Agent that is teratogen and causes a fetal syndrome
Ethanol
Agent that is the antidote for methanol overdose
Ethanol
Drug that inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase and is used in ethylene glycol exposure
Fomepizole
MOA of general anesthetics
Most are thought to act at GABA-A receptor - chloride channel
Inhaled anesthetic with a low blood/gas partition coefficient
Nitrous oxide
Inversely related to potency of anesthetics
Minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration (MAC)
Inhaled anesthetics metabolized by liver enzymes which has a major role in the toxicity of these agents
Halothane and methoxyflurane
Most inhaled anesthetics SE
Decrease arterial blood pressure
Inhaled anesthetics that are myocardial depressants
Enflurane and halothane
Inhaled anesthetic causes peripheral vasodilation
Isoflurane
Inhaled anesthetic that may sensitize the myocardium to arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines and has produced hepatitis
Halothane
Inhaled anesthetic, less likely to lower blood pressure than other agents, and has the smallest effect on respiration
Nitrous oxide
Fluoride released by metabolism of this inhaled anesthetic may cause renal insufficiency
Methoxyflurane
Prolonged exposure to this inhaled anesthetic may lead to megaloblastic anemia
Nitrous oxide
Pungent inhaled anesthetic which leads to high incidence of coughing and vasospasm
Desflurane
DOC for malignant hyperthermia that may be caused by use of halogenated anesthetics
Dantrolene
IV barbiturate used as a pre-op anesthetic
Thiopental
Benzodiazepine used adjunctively in anesthesia
Midazolam
Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist, it accelerates recovery from benzodiazepine overdose
Flumazenil
This produces "dissociative anesthesia", is a cardiovascular stimulant which may increase intracranial pressure, and hallucinations occur during recovery
Ketamine
Opioid associated with respiratory depression, but is used in high risk patients who may not survive full general anesthetia
Fentanyl
State of analgesia and amnesia produced when fentanyl is used with droperidol and nitrous oxide
Neuroleptanesthesia
Produces both rapid anesthesia and recovery, has antiemetic activity and commonly used for outpatient surgery, may cause marked hypotension
Propofol
Slightly increased risk of breast cancer, endometrial cancer, heart disease (questionable), has beneficial effects on bone loss
Estrogen
Antiestrogen drugs used for fertility and breast cancer respectively
Clomiphene and tamoxifen
Common SE of tamoxifen and raloxifene
Hot flashes
Estrogen mostly used in oral contraceptives (OC)
Ethinyl estradiol and mestranol
Anti-progesterone used as abortifacient
Mifepristone (RU-486)
Constant low dose of estrogen and increasing dose of progestin for 21 days (last 5 days are sugar pills or iron prep)
Combination oral contraceptives (OC)
Oral contraceptive available in a transdermal patch
Ortho-Evra
5 alpha-reductase inhibitor used for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and male pattern baldness
Finasteride (Proscar and Propecia respectively)
Anabolic steroid that has potential for abuse
Nandrolone and stanozolol
Anti-androgen used for hirsutism in females
Cyproterone acetate