Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Drugs that depress the CNS are referred to as ...
|
sedatives or hypnotics – depends on the dosage.
|
|
|
Sedatives reduce nervousness, excitability, and irritability with or without causing sleep?
|
without
|
|
|
Hypnotics cause ________
|
sleep
|
|
|
_____________ were once the standard treatment for insomnia and sedation, but because of their habit-forming tendencies and the introduction of benzodiazepines, only a few are used in practice today
|
Barbiturates
|
|
|
What is the most commonly prescribed barbiturate? What is it used for?
|
o Phenobarbital: Used for prevention of seizures and fever-induced convulsions. Also useful in the treatment of hyperbilirubinemia in neonates, and for treatment of Gilbert’s syndrome.
|
|
|
How do barbituates work?
|
DEPRESS THE CNS
o By reducing the nerve impulses traveling to the cerebral cortex. o They inhibit nerve impulses by potentiating the action of the inhibitory amino acid: GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) |
|
|
In general, barbiturates are used as ....
|
hypnotics, sedatives, and anticonvulsants. Also used for anesthesia during surgical procedures.
|
|
|
What are the main adverse effects of barbituates?
|
The main adverse effects include: drowsiness, lethargy, dizziness, hangover and paradoxical restlessness or excitement & they have chronic effects on normal sleep.
|
|
|
Name the main muscle relaxants...
|
baclofen (Lioresal, Atrofen), cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril)
|
|
|
Muscle relaxants are also used in the management of spasticity associated with which chronic disorders?
|
o Multiple sclerosis
o Cerebral palsy o Rheumatic disorders and cerebral lesions o Huntington’s chorea o Parkinson’s |
|
|
What is the mechanism of action for muscle relaxants?
|
These drugs either depress nerve transmission in the spinal cord or enhance GABA’s inhibitory effect of the spinal cord. What does GABA stand for?
o GABA = gamma-aminobutyric acid – an inhibitory amino acid |
|
|
What does GABA stand for?
|
GABA = gamma-aminobutyric acid – an inhibitory amino acid
|
|
|
muscle relaxant side effects
|
o Dizziness
o Drowsiness o Euphoria o Fatigue o Lightheadedness o Muscle Weakness |
|
|
What are some antiepileptics drugs?
|
phenytoin (Dilantin), carbamazepine (Tegretol), diazepam (Valium)
|
|
|
A convulsion is ...
|
characterized by involuntary spasmodic contractions of any or all voluntary muscles throughout the body.
|
|
|
A seizure is ...
|
a brief episode of abnormal electrical activity in the nerve cells of the brain.
|
|
|
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects of AEDs?
|
Overall effect of AEDs is that they stabilize neurons and keep them from becoming hyperexcited and generating excessive nerve impulses to adjacent neurons.
|
|
|
What is the name of the common seizure disorder that is a life-threatening emergency?
|
Status epilepticus - characterized by generalized tonic-clinic convulsions that occur in succession. Patients typically do not regain consciousness between convulsions.
|
|
|
What is used to treat status epileptus?
|
o Diazepam (Valium)
|
|
|
What is a contraindication for Diazepam?
|
pregnancy
|
|
|
What is “Dilantin facies”?
|
Appearance caused by long-term phenytoin therapy. Hypertrophy of subQ facial tissue
|
|
|
3 classes of antiparkinsonian agents:
|
selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI), dopaminergics, and anticholinergics.
|
|
|
List three catecholamines:
|
Dopamine, Norepinephrine, Epinephrine
|
|
|
What is the “cheese effect” seen with non-selective MAOIs?
|
Nonselective MAOI’s interact with tyramine-containing foods such as cheese, red wine, beer and yogurt, because of their inhibitory activity against MAO-A. This can result in severe hypertension.
|
|
|
Often times, interactions with MAOIs cause ...
|
fatal hypertensive episodes.
|
|
|
The blood-brain barrier does not allow outside ______ through. However, it will let _________ to enter the brain, and then converts it into dopamine and releases as needed. This corrects the imbalance.
|
dopamine
levodopa |
|
|
Anticholinergics: benztropine mesylate (Cogentin). Mechanism of Action and Drug Effects
|
Because there are a reduced number of dopamine-producing nerves with PD, acetylcholine accumulates (inverse relationship). Too much acetylcholine can cause muscle rigidity (cogwheel rigidity). Therefore, anticholinergics work to block acetylcholine.
|
|
|
Anticholinergics are used as antidyskinetic agents in PD. What two symptoms of PD does it treat?
|
o Muscle Rigidity
o Lack of movement?? |
|
|
Mydriasis =
|
dilation of the pupils
|
|
|
Anticholinergics: Side Effects and Adverse Effects
Some include confusion, constipation, urinary retention, and mydriasis. |
Some include confusion, constipation, urinary retention, and mydriasis (dilation of the pupils).
|
|
|
What happens to the therapeutic effects of anticholinergics with antacids?
|
o Antacids alter gastric pH and reduce the absorption. This decreases the therapeutic effects of anticholinergic drugs.
|
|
|
CNS stimulants mimic the actions of the sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine. For this reason they are often referred to as ...
|
sympathomimetic drugs.
|
|
|
In general, what do CNS stimulants do?
|
o Stimulate specific areas of the brain or spinal cord
o Most act in the brain to enhance the activity of one or more of the excitatory neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin) |
|
|
What are two of the oldest known stimulants?
|
o Cocaine
o Amphetamine |
|
|
How does Ritalin work?
|
o Increases the effects of norepinephrine and dopamine by increasing their release and blocking their reuptake. This keeps them in contact with their receptors longer and lengthens their duration of action.
|
|
|
How does Meridia work?
|
o Suppresses appetite control centers in the brain, and may also increase the body’s basal metabolic rate, mobilize adipose tissue stores, enhance cellular glucose uptake and reduce fat absorption.
o Enhances dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin activity in the brain by inhibiting their reuptake. o Leads to enhanced feelings of satiety o Used in patients with a BMI of 30 or more (or 27 with other risk factors) |
|
|
How does Imitrex work?
|
o Stimulates serotonin receptors in the brain. This causes vasoconstriction of the cerebral arteries.
o Reduces production of inflammatory neuropeptides o Uses abortive drug therapy (treats a headache that has already started) |
