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120 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some problems associated with the GI tract?
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Regurgitation, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, colic, bloat and abnormal bowel movements.
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What does the Autonomic nervous system (ANS) do to regulate the GI tract?
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Increases intestinal motility, tone, increases secretions and stimulates relaxation of sphincter when the parasympathetic portion of the ANS is stimulated.
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What are cholinergic drugs?
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Drugs that minic the autonomic nervous system.
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What are anticholinergic drugs?
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Drugs that inhibit the reaction of the autonomic nervous system.
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What happens when the sympathetic brance of the ANS is stimulated?
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There will be decreased intestinal motility, tone, secretions and increased anal sphincter tone.
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What do hormones do to help regulate the GI tract?
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Gastrin, secretin and cholecystokinin are released from intestinal cells and control many functions such as gastric secretions, gastric and gall bladder emptying.
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What does histamine do to help regulate the GI tract?
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Histamine, serotinin and prostaglandins are released from specialized GI cells and histamine attaches to H2 receptors in gastric parietal cells and causes the release of hydrocholoric acid in the stomach.
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What is the definition of vomiting?
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Forced expulsion of stomach contents.
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Where is vomiting initiated from?
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From the stimulation or activation of the emectic (vomiting) center of the brain.
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Where is the emetic center located?
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In the medulla oblongata.
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What animals do not vomit?
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Horses, rabbits and rats.
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What is the definition of regurgitation?
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A normal process of ruminants in which semi-digested material from the rumen is "cast up" or chewing.
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What animals normally regurgitate "castings"?
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Many birds - owls and raptors.
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What do emetics do?
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They cause vomiting.
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Why would you use an emetic?
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To remove recently ingested poisons.
To empty stomach prios to anesthesia. They can remove appoximately 80% of stomach contents. |
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Contraindication of emetics.
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Semi-conscious or seizuring animals.
Animals in shock or having difficulty breathing. Ingestion of caustic substances (acidic or alkaline). Animals that don't normally vomit. |
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What are the two types of emetics?
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Centrally acting emetics (CNS) and locally acting emetics.
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Types of centrally acting emetics.
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Morphine, apormorphine HCL, xylazine (Rompun (R)), syrup of ipecac.
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What is the centrally acting emetic drug of choice for dogs?
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apomorphine HCL
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How is apomorphine HCL administered?
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Topically in the conjunctival sac or given parenterally.
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What's the centrally acting emetic choice for cats?
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xylazine (Rompun(R))
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What centrally acting emetic is not classified as an emetic, but will produce vomiting?
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xylazine (Rompun(R))
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What's the trade name for xylazine?
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Rompum (R)
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How do locally acting emetics work?
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They irritate the gastric/pharyngeal mucosa, causing reflex vomiting.
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What are some locally acting emetics?
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Hydrogen peroxide, salt water (warm), syrup of ipecac.
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What are some side effects to syrup of ipecac?
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Lacrimation (tearing) and salivation and cardiotoxicity in high doses. Use with caution in animals with heart problems.
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What emetic is both centrally and locally acting?
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syrup of ipecac
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What are antiemetics?
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They prevent vomiting.
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What do you use antiemetics for?
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To prevent motion sickness.
to prevent vomiting while under anesthesia. To prevent post-op vomiting. To treat symptoms of persistant vomiting. |
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What are the two classifications of antiemetics?
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Centrally and locally acting.
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What are the different types of centrally acting antiemetics?
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Phenothiazine derivatives, procainimide derivatives, metoclopramide, antihistamines.
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What are phenothiazine derivative used for?
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Motion sickness.
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List the different types of phenothiazine derivatives.
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tranquilizer (Acepromazine (R))
chlorpromazine (Thorazine (R)) prochlorperazine (Darbazine (R)) |
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Trade name for tranquilizer.
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Acepromazine (R)
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Trade name for chlorpromazine.
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Thorazine (R)
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Trade name for prochlorperazine.
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Darbazine (R)
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What are procainimide derivative used for?
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Parvovirus
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What is metoclopramide used for?
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The drug causes increase gastric contraction, emptying and strengthens cardia sphincter tone. It's a stomach dumper.
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Trade name for metoclopramid.
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Reglan (R)
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What are antihistamines used for (as an antiemetic)?
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When vomiting is due to motion sickness or inner ear problems.
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What are two antihistamines used as antiemetics?
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Benadryl (R), Dramamine (R)
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What do you use locally acting antiemetic used for?
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Vomiting caused by gastric irritation. It goes to the stomach to quiet it down.
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What do locally acting antiemetics contain?
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Local anesthetics, antacids and protectants.
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If a proctectant contains magnesium what should it not be given with?
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Tetracycline, dogoxin, corticosteroids and ketaconzole.
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List some examples of protectants.
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Maaloz (R), Mylanta (R), Milk of Magnesia (R), Pepto Bismol (R), Kaopectate (R).
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What are some things that can cause diarrhea?
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Parasites, viruses, bacteria, toxins, neoplasia.
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What supportive care would you give to an animal with diarrhea?
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A bland diet and fluid therapy if needed.
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What happens to the GI tract when diarrhea occcurs?
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Hypersecretion of intestinal fliud/exudates and increased permeability.
Osmotic retention of water and overload. Intestional hypomotility. |
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What's one of the most common reasons for the occurance of diarrhea?
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Intestinal hypomotility.
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What is hypomotility?
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Fluid is not well absorbed. This is because hypomotility causes the lumen diameter to increase and allows for faster passage of contents.
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What two drugs should be used with caution for treating diarrhea?
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Anticholinergics and antispasmodics.
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What do most vets consider the drug of choice for the control of diarrhea in dogs?
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Opiates.
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What are the four types of antidiarrheal drugs?
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Narcotic analgesic, anticholinergics/antispasmodics, antibiotics, protectants.
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What do narcotic analgesic drugs do?
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They decrease intestinal secretions, motility and intestinal absorption. They take care of the cause of diarrhea.
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Two types of narcotic analgesics.
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Lomotil (R), Immodium (R)
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What is combined with Lomotil (R) and why?
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Atropine, to discourage abuse.
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Which antidiarrheal drugs should be used with caution?
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anticholinergics/antispasmodics. They may contain a CNS suppressant. You need to be sure of what is causing the diarrhea.
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List three antibiotics that are used as antidiarrheals.
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Aminiglycosides (Neomycin, kanamycin), cephalosporins, metronidazole (Flagyl (R)).
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When would you use an aminoglycoside as an antidiarrheal?
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When there is bloody diarrhea or signs of sepsis along with diarrhea. Problems is that they're not absorbed well in the GI tract (kills the good bacteria also).
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What are some side effects of metronidazole (Flagyl (R))?
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Anorexia, hepatotoxicity, neutropenia dn neurotoxocity.
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Trade name for metronidazole.
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Flagyl (R)
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What is metronidazole (Flagyl (R)) mainly used for?
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Treating giardia and anaerobic infections in dogs and cats.
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What is helocobacter?
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It causes gastric ulcers.
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What are two types of protectants?
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Kaopectate (R), Pepto-bismol (R).
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What protectant converts to aspirin in the body and should be used with caution in cats?
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Pepto-bismol (R).
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What drugs are used the alter the pH?
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antacids, acidifiers and cinetidine (Tagamet (R)).
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What do antacids do?
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They neutralize gastric HCL or increase the pH of the stomach.
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What do acidifiers do?
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They decrease the pH of gastric or rumen contents. Mostly used in LA, vinegar is used to treat urea and high protein toxicity in ruminants.
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What does cimetidine (Tagamet (R)) do?
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It's a H2 blocker (H2 receptors produce acid). It decreases acid production.
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Trade name for cimetidine.
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Tagamet (R)
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What are the two types of protectives?
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Demulcents and absorbents.
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What do demulcents do?
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They form a protective layer of the GI mucosa and protect inflamed mucosa from further irritation.
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List three types of demulcents.
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Pepto-bismol (R), Kaopectate (R), corrective mixture.
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What two categories do Pepto-bismol (R) and Kaopectate (R) fall into?
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Protectants and protectives (demulcents).
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What do absorbents do?
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They absorb or bind up harmful toxins or chemical and prevents absorption in the GI tract.
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List an absorbent.
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activated charcoal (SuperChar (R)).
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Trade name for activated charcoal.
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SuperChar (R)
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What do digestive enzymes do?
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They aid digestion and absorption.
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What would you use digestive enzymes for?
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To treat pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.
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What should you be careful about when using disgestive enzymes (powdered form)?
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Remove from skin immediates (it will breakdown proteins on the skin) and it can cause nasal irritation and possibly an asthma attack if inhaled.
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Two types of pancreatic products.
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Viokase-V (R), Pancreatin (R).
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What are rumen function drugs used for?
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To treat rumen atony.
To restore normal rumen flora. To treat bloat. |
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What is neostigmine used for?
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To stimulate peristalsis. (to treat rumen atony)
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What is Probiocin (R) used for?
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In calved that are on antibiotic treatment.
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What is Therabloat (R) used for?
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To treat frothy bloat. Cause the tiny bubbles in the rumen to break down and allow the gas to be excreted.
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What is eructation?
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burping
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What are cathartics used for?
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To stimulate or foster defecation/assist defecation.
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What's another word for cathartic?
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Laxative.
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When would you use a cathartic?
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1.certain oral poisonings. 2.emptying the colon prior to x-ray or surgery. 3.remove fecal impactions. 4.certain cases of equine colic. 5.used with certain anthelmintics
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What are the three types of cathartics?
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Bulk.
Lubricant. Stool softeners. |
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What do bulk cathartics do?
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They stimulate defecation by increasing the volume of the colon contents.
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What make up bulk cathartics?
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They are usually forms of indigestible plant material. They absorb water and swell in the colon.
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What are some examples of bulk cathartics?
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Equine psyllium, Metamucil (R), bran mash (often used in horses).
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What do lubricant cathartics do?
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They are typically oil products that soften the fecal material and make it easier to move through the GI tract.
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What are lubricant cathartics used for?
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For constipation and fecal impactions. Used on cats alot.
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List some examples of lubricant cathartics.
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Laxatone (R), Kat-a-lax (R), Felaxin (R).
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What are stool softeners used for?
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For the treatment of hard, dry feces in small animals, impactions in horses and digestive upsets in cattle. Surfactant allows water to penetrate impacted stool.
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List some examples of stool softeners.
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Colase (R), Surfak (R).
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List some drugs that are used as appetite stimulants.
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Diazepam/oxazepam (Valium (R)) and B-vitamins.
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What appetite stimulant works well, almost immediately, in cats?
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Diazepam
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Stimulation os which part of the automomic nervous sytem would increase GI motility, tone, scretion, and relax sphincters?
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Parasympathetic
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What family of drugs inhibit the stimulation of the parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system?
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Anticolergenic
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What centrally actin emetic has a unique route of administration?
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apormorphine - topical, subconjunctival sac.
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What are some locally acting emetics you may have at home?
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Hydrogen peroxide, warm salt water, syrup of Ipecac.
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What centrally acting antiemetic should not be used in the case of GI obstruction?
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metoclopramide (Reglan (R)).
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What is the advantage of ranitidine ove cimetidine?
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BID vs. 3-4 times a day - less side effects.
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What pH altering durgs have the side effect of constipation and ileus?
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Omethazol
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What drug works in an acid environment and forma a "gastric bandaid" over the surface of an ulcer?
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Sucrofate
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What GI drugs would be used for colitis?
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Prednisolone
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What protectant is used to bind harmful toxins?
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Activated charcoal.
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What's the difference between a demulcent and an adsorbent?
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Adsorbents absorb and a demulcent makes a patch/cover.
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What is viokase?
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A pancreatic enzyme.
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What drugs empties the stomach?
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Reglan (R)
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What type of laxative is Metamucil (R)?
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Bulk
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What type of laxative is Laxatone (R)?
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Lubricant
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What type of laxative is Lactulose (R)?
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Hyperosmotic
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What type of laxative is DSS?
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Surfactant
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What GI prokinetic or stimulant is only available through a compounding pharmacy?
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cisapride
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What GI prokinetic or stimulant is also an antiemetic?
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Metocolpromide
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What antibiotic is also used as an antidiarrheal?
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Aminoglycocides
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