Pharm - Opthalmic Pharmacology

Front 1

Barriers to drug penetration into the eye

Back 1

-corneal epithelium
-blood-aqueous barrier
-blood-vitreous barrier

Front 2

Drug property to enter corneal epithelium with topical administration

Back 2

-hydrophobic and hydrophilic

Front 3

Best drugs to penetrate the blood-aqueous barrier systemically

Back 3

-lipophilic drugs with low protein binding

Front 4

Route of opthalmic drug administration

Back 4

-topical
-subconjunctival
-systemic

Front 5

How can topical opthalmic medications have potential systemic effects?

Back 5

-GIT exposure because of the drug being swallowed after drainage through the naso-lacrimal ducts

Front 6

Topical treatment locations

Back 6

-adnexa (conjunctiva, eyelids, nasolacrimal)
-cornea
-intraocular (anterior chamber)

Front 7

Systemic treatment location

Back 7

-intraocular (posterior chamber)
-retrobulbar

Front 8

Aqueous humor
-function

Back 8

-provide avascular eye structures with nutrition

Front 9

Flow of aqueous humor

Back 9

-ciliary body
-posterior chamber
-pupil
-anterior chamber
-iridocorneal angle

Front 10

How is ocular pressure maintained?

Back 10

-balance of aqueous humor secretion and outflow
-bicarbonate and sodium create an osmotic gradient, pulling water out of the ciliary body

Front 11

Conventional vs. Unconventional Aqueous Humor outflow

Back 11

-Conventional: through the trabecular meshwork at the iridiocorneal angle
-Unconventional: through the ciliary muscle and out of sclera

Front 12

Glaucoma
-cause

Back 12

-decreased outflow of aqueous humor

Front 13

Glaucoma
-results in

Back 13

-ischemia to intraocular structures

Front 14

Glaucoma
-generalized treatment

Back 14

-decrease aqueous humor production
-increase aqueous humor outflow

Front 15

Timolol
-receptor affinity

Back 15

-general beta-antagonist (receptors on ciliary body and in vasculature)

Front 16

Timolol
-adverse effects

Back 16

Associated with being a Class II Antiarrhythmic
-negative ionotrope
-bradycardia
-hypotension
-bronchoconstriction
-AV block

Front 17

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
-drug

Back 17

-Dorzolamide (topical)

Front 18

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
-mechanism of action

Back 18

-inhibit conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate
-outflow increased because of decreased pressure

Front 19

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
-adverse effects

Back 19

-diuresis
-metabolic acidosis

Front 20

Latanoprost
-receptor affinity

Back 20

-PGE 2-alpha

Front 21

Latanoprost
-mechanism of action

Back 21

-increase aqueous humor outflow
-Miosis for increased outflow

Front 22

Latanoprost
-contraindication

Back 22

-uveitis
-ocular inflammation

Front 23

Latanoprost
-adverse effects

Back 23

-color change the eye
-exacerbation of asthema
-abortion

Front 24

Pilocarpine
-receptor affinity

Back 24

-muscarinic agonist

Front 25

Pilocarpine
-mechanism of action

Back 25

-miosis
-iris removal from iridiocorneal angle
-increased outflow

Front 26

Pilocarpine
-indications for use

Back 26

-diagnose dysautonomia
-acute glaucoma

Front 27

Drugs used for ocular diagnostics and pain

Back 27

-Tropicamide
-Atropine
-Proparacaine
-Tetracaine

Front 28

Tropicamide
-mechanism of action

Back 28

-mydriasis

Front 29

Tropicamide
-receptor affinity

Back 29

-antimuscarinic

Front 30

Tropicamide
-use

Back 30

diagnostic pupil dilation

Front 31

Tropicamide
-contraindication

Back 31

-glaucoma

Front 32

Atropine
-mechanism of action

Back 32

-mydriasis

Front 33

Atropine
-receptor affinity

Back 33

-antimuscarinic

Front 34

Atropine
-use

Back 34

-control ciliary spasm and pain

Front 35

Atropine
-adverse effects

Back 35

-systemic (ileus in horse)

Front 36

Proparacaine & Tetracaine
-mechanism of action

Back 36

Na+ channel blocker

Front 37

Proparacaine & Tetracaine
-use

Back 37

-anesthetize the cornea and conjunctiva

Front 38

Proparacaine & Tetracaine
-contraindications

Back 38

-corneal ulcer

Front 39

Systemic ocular anti-inflammatories

Back 39

-corticosteroids
-NSAIDs

Front 40

Topical ocular anti-inflammatories

Back 40

-corticosteroids
-NSAIDs
-Cyclosporine
-Tacrolimus

Front 41

Topical corticosteroids for superficial inflammation (conjunctivitis)

Back 41

-hydrocortisone
-cortisone

Front 42

Topical corticosteroids for superficial inflammation (uveitis)

Back 42

-prednisolone acetate
-dexamethasone

Front 43

Topical corticosteroids
-adverse effects

Back 43

-inhibit corneal healing and tear production
-systemic absorption
-increased intraocular pressure

Front 44

Topical corticosteroids
-contraindications

Back 44

-ulcers

Front 45

Cyclosporin & Tacrolimus
-mechanism of action

Back 45

-inhibit T cell activation

Front 46

Cyclosporine and Tacrolimus
-receptor affinity

Back 46

-Calcineurin inhibition

Front 47

Cyclosporine & Tacrolimus
-indications for use

Back 47

-keratoconjunctivitis sicca
-german shepherd pannus
-equine reccurent uveitis

Front 48

Opthalmic antimicrobials
-indications for use

Back 48

-bacterial surface infection
-prophylaxis

Front 49

Ocular Antifungal
-drugs

Back 49

-natamycin
-voriconazole
-fluconazole

Front 50

Only approved topical opthalmic antifungal

Back 50

natamycin