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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pharmacokinetics is
a) the effect the body has on the drug b) the effect the drug has on the body |
the effect the body has on the drug
(includes absorption, distribution, metabolism & elimination) |
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Pharmacodynamics is
a) the effect the body has on the drug b) the effect the drug has on the body |
b) the effect the drug has on the body (includes receptor effect secondary effects on organ systems & toxic effects)
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In regards to chirality of drugs (choose all that apply)
a) they are entantiomers (a pair of molecules that are mirror images) b) are Left (S) handed or Right (R) handed c) each side has different effects d) bupivicaine & ketamine are examples |
a) they are entantiomers (a pair of molecules that are mirror images)
b) are Left (S) handed or Right (R) handed c) each side has different effects d) bupivicaine & ketamine are examples |
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Agonists
a) bind to receptor & block endogenous molecules from activating receptor b) bind to receptors and activate the receptor c) bind to receptors with partial activating effect & blocks endogenous molecules |
b) bind to receptors and activate the receptor
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Antagonists
a) bind to receptor & block endogenous molecules from activating receptor b) bind to receptors and activate the receptor c) bind to receptors with partial activating effect & blocks endogenous molecules |
a) bind to receptor & block endogenous molecules from activating receptor
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Agonist/Antagonist
a) bind to receptor & block endogenous molecules from activating receptor b) bind to receptors and activate the receptor c) bind to receptors with partial activating effect & blocks endogenous molecules |
c) bind to receptors with partial activating effect & blocks endogenous molecules
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Of the following types of bonds which is the strongest bond, which is the weakest
a) covalent b) ionic c) hydrogen d) van der Waals |
STRONGEST = Covalent
WEAKEST = van der Waals |
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Which of the following are electrostatic bonds
a) covalent b) hydrogen c) ionic d) van der Waals e) Hydrophobic |
b) hydrogen
c) ionic d) van der Waals |
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T/F Enantiomers may differ in potency, metabolism, or side effects
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TRUE
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If a drug is used as a racemic mixture what does that mean?
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It is a Chiral drug and BOTH the left (S) & right (R) are used
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T/F A drug may have 4 enantiomers with 2 active sites?
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True
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What are the 4 different types of receptors?
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Ion channels
g-protein couples enzyme linked intracellular |
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An example of an ion channel receptor is
a) alpha & beta andrenoreceptors b) insulin receptor c) cholinergic/nicotinic receptors d) steroid receptor |
cholinergic/nicotinic receptors
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An example of a g-protein linked receptor is
a) alpha & beta andrenoreceptors b) insulin receptor c) cholinergic/nicotinic receptors d) steroid receptor |
alpha & beta andrenoreceptors
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Example of an enzyme linked receptor is
a) alpha & beta andrenoreceptors b) insulin receptor c) cholinergic/nicotinic receptors d) steroid receptor |
insulin recepto
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Example of a intracellular receptor is
a) alpha & beta andrenoreceptors b) insulin receptor c) cholinergic/nicotinic receptors d) steroid receptor |
steroid receptor
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Competative antagonism is
a) present when increasing concentrations of the antagonist progressively inhibit the response to unchanging concentration of an agonist b) after administration of an antagonist even with high concentrations of agonist it cannot overcome the antagonism |
a) present when increasing concentrations of the antagonist progressively inhibit the response to unchanging concentration of an agonist
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Non-competitive antagonism is
a) present when increasing concentrations of the antagonist progressively inhibit the response to unchanging concentration of an agonist b) after administration of an antagonist even with high concentrations of agonist it cannot overcome the antagonism |
after administration of an antagonist even with high concentrations of agonist it cannot overcome the antagonism
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Ligand gated Ion channels exert their effect through
a) changes in membrane potential or ionic concentration within cell b) protein phosphorylation c) protein and receptor phosphorylation d) protien phosphorylation and gene expression |
a) changes in membrane potential or ionic concentration within cell
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Intracellular receptors exert their effect by
a) changes in membrane potential or ionic concentration within cell b) protein phosphorylation c) protein and receptor phosphorylation d) protien phosphorylation and gene expression |
d) protien phosphorylation and gene expression
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Enzyme-linked receptors exert their effects by
a) changes in membrane potential or ionic concentration within cell b) protein phosphorylation c) protein and receptor phosphorylation d) protien phosphorylation and gene expression |
c) protein and receptor phosphorylation
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G protein-coupled receptors exert their effect by
a) changes in membrane potential or ionic concentration within cell b) protein phosphorylation c) protein and receptor phosphorylation d) protien phosphorylation and gene expression |
b) protein phosphorylation
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G protein-coupled receptors involve the activation of __________________ to exert effects in cell
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Second messengers (cAMP, gAMP)
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G protein-coupled receptors are (choose all that apply)
a) a single peptide b) a series of seven peptides c) has seven membrane-spanning regions d) have 3 subunits |
a) a single peptide
c) has seven membrane-spanning regions d) have 3 subunits |
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Ligand gated channels (choose all that apply)
a) have a rapid response b) response that lasts several seconds to minutes c) response lasts milliseconds |
a) have a rapid response
c) response lasts milliseconds |
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When a g protein-coupled membrane receptor recognizes a chemical signal it can cause a(n) increase/decrease or both in the activity of adenylyl cyclase
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Can trigger both an increase and decrease in activity of adenylyl (more often an increase)
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T/F G-proteins are affected by levels of agonist & antagonist and have up & down regulation
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TRUE
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Selectively binded receptors
a) cause a change in function b) cause no change in function |
cause a change in function
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T/F Quartenary amines are always in the poorly lipid soluble charged form
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TRUE
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T/F Local Anesthetics & Inhalation Agents are examples of drugs that are directly delivered to the active site
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TRUE
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T/F With Fick's Law of Diffusion, the larger the concentration gradient the larger the flux on molecules down a concentration gradient
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TRUE
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The liver, GI, and Kidney have high/low permeable membranes
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HIGH
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The brain has a high/low permeable membrane
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LOW
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Ionized drugs are hydrophobic/hydrophyllic
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Hydrophyllic
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Weak acids
a) are hydrogen donors b) form a cation when combined with a proton |
are hydrogen donors
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Weak bases
a) are hydrogen donors b) form a cation when combined with a proton |
b) form a cation when combined with a proton
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The PKa of a drug is ____________________________
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The pH at which the drug is 50% ionized/50% un-ionized
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T/F the protenated form of a drug is uncharged, neutral, and more lipid soluble
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TRUE (if drug is placed in an acid environment it will shift to the left)
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Weak acids will be
a) more lipid soluble at a lower pH b) less lipid soluble at a lower pH |
more lipid soluble at a lower pH
( acid + acid = nonionized) |
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Weak bases will be
a) more lipid soluble at a higher pH b) less lipid soluble at a higher pH |
more lipid soluble at a higher pH
( base + base = nonionized) |
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Ion trapping occurs when (choose all that apply)
a) an acid is introduced into an acid environment b) a base is introduced into an acid environment c) a base is introduced into a base environment d) an acid is introduced into a base environment |
b) a base is introduced into an acid environment
d) an acid is introduced into a base environment |
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T/F
Volume of distribution is = to the amount of drug in body/concentration |
TRUE
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T/F Concentration = amount of drug / amount of volume
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TRUE
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The Vd in the body is referred to as an apparent volume because
a) different drugs bind to different components in tissues b) drugs have different lipid solubilities c) both a & b |
a) different drugs bind to different components in tissues
b) drugs have different lipid solubilities |
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T/F The Vd of a drug may be larger than total body volume
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TRUE (VERY LIPID soluble drugs (such as Fentanyl ) & HIGHLY PROTEIN bound drugs will have higher VD than total body volume)
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What is the key factor in determining Vd? ____________________
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SOLUBILITY
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Hydrophyllic drugs (choose all that apply)
a) can pass thru membrane easily b) must pass thru slits in membranes c) are charged d) are uncharged |
b) must pass thru slits in membranes
c) are charged |
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Concerning capillary permeability endothelial junctions are
a) tight in brain b) loose in brain c) loose in liver/GI d) tight in liver/GI |
tight in brain
loose in liver/GI |
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Hydrophobic drugs (lipophyllic) have a high/low volume of distribution
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HIGH (ie Fentanyl)
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Highly protein bound drugs have a high/low volume of distribution
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HIGH
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A drug that will pass thru the membrane easily is
a) ionized b) unionized c) charged d) non-charged |
unionized
non-charged |
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T/F An ionized molecule is usually lipid soluble and can diffuse across cell membranes like BBB, renal tubular epithelium, & hepatocytes
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True, once across, drug is active and under goes reabsorption across renal tubules, absorbed in GI tract, and susceptible to metabolism in liver
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A drug that is ionized
a) will cross membranes readily b) be repelled by cell membranes c) be cleared by mostly unchanged d) has limited metabolization |
b) be repelled by cell membranes
c) be cleared by mostly unchanged d) has limited metabolization |
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Your pt has OD on ASA (an acid) what would you need to do to their urine to reverse the effects?
a) make the gi tract more acidic b) make the urine more acidic c) make the urine more alkaline d) make the gi tract more alkaline |
c) make the urine more alkaline
d) make the gi tract more alkaline You could do this by giving NaBicarb |
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If your patient OD on a drug that had a high pH what would be done to help reverse the effects?
a) Give NaBicarb b) Give Ammonium |
Give Ammonium it acidifies urine
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Henderson Hasselbach equation is used to determine
a) volume of distribution throughout different compartments b) efficacy of drug c) how much drug is found on either side of membrane d) bioavailability of drug c) |
c) how much drug is found on either side of membrane
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The urine is considered a
a) a more basic fluid b) a more acidic fluid c) a neutral fluid |
a more acidic fluid
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The gi tract is considered
a) acidic b) basic c) neutral |
basic
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If a molecule is protenated it is considered
a) an uncharged molecule b) a charged molecule c) a neutral molecule |
an uncharged molecule
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If a molecule is unprotenated it is considered
a) an uncharged molecule b) a charged molecule c) a neutral molecule |
b) a charged molecule
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If you place an acidic drug in an acidic environment
a) it becomes more ionized b) it becomes more unionized c) there is no change |
it becomes more unionized
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If you place a basic drug in an acidic environment it becomes
a) more ionized b) more unionized c) stay the same |
more ionized (ionized is inactive)
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When a drug moves from one compartment to another the differences in pH of each compartment may cause ___________________
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Ion Trapping
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Diffusion of drug across a cell membrane is dependent on (choose all that apply)
a) area available b) a concentration gradient c) lipid solubility d) thickness of cell membrane |
a) area available
b) a concentration gradient c) lipid solubility d) thickness of cell membrane |
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Diffusion of drug across a cell membrane is dependent on (choose all that apply)
a) area available b) a concentration gradient c) lipid solubility d) thickness of cell membrane |
a) area available
b) a concentration gradient c) lipid solubility d) thickness of cell membrane |
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Determine the volume of distribution from this graph
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1.8mcg/ml
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T/F metabolism transforms lipophyllic drugs into polar, excretable products
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True
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First order kinetics is
a) rate of metabolism directly proportional to concentration of "free drug" b) involves high doses of drugs c) involves low doses of drugs d) rate of metabolism is a constant fraction metabolized over time |
a) rate of metabolism directly proportional to concentration of "free drug"
c) involves low doses of drugs d) rate of metabolism is a constant fraction metabolized over time |
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Zero Order Kinetics is
a) rate of metabolism directly proportional to concentration of "free drug" b) involves high doses of drugs c) involves low doses of drugs d) rate of metabolism is a constant amount metabolized over time |
involves high doses of drugs
rate of metabolism is a constant amount metabolized over time |
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Can the kidney excrete lipophyllic drugs?
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NO, must be broken down by liver 1st because they will cross kidney membrane & be reabsorbed without metabolization
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Phase 1 metabolism can involve (choose any or all that apply)
a) conjugation b) oxidation c) hydrolysis d) converting a lipophyllic drug to a polar state |
b) oxidation
c) hydrolysis d) converting a lipophyllic drug to a polar state |
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In Phase 1 metabolism a drug may be (choose any or all that apply)
a) inactivated b) activated c) unchanged |
a) inactivated
b) activated c) unchanged |
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T/F Phase 1 metabolism is always the first process a drug goes through
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False,
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P-450 is used by the body to metabolize drugs in
a) Phase II b) Phase I |
Phase I
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Potency is
a) concentration required to cause an effect b) Size of the physiologic response c) both a & b |
a) concentration required to cause an effect
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Efficacy is
a) concentration required to cause an effect b) Size of the physiologic response c) both a & b |
Size of the physiologic response
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EC50 =
a) Efficacy b) Potency |
Potency
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Emax=
a) Efficacy b) Potency |
Efficacy
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T/F High protein binding or high lipid solubility can make a drug have a higher Vd than total body volume
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True (ie Fentanyl is highly lipid soluble, and will have a very large Vd
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Drugs that have a high molecular weight, and are highly protein bound
a) are too large to move out of plasma b) move through endothelial slit junctions into interstitial fluid c) move through endothelial slit junctions into interstitial fluid & then onto intracellular fluid |
are too large to move out of plasma
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