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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is autonomic pharmacology?
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Autonomic pharmacology is the study of drugs, acting on receptors in organs and tissues innervated by the ANS
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What is the autonomic nervous system?
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ANS is a branch of the PNS innervating smooth muscle tissue, glands and organs whose activity is not under direct conscious control (ie involuntary)
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What does the PNS consist of?
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The PNS consists of the ANS (involuntary) and the Somatic System (voluntary)
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What are the two branches of the ANS?
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Parasympathetic (digestion and energy conservation) system and sympathetic (flight/fight) system
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What is the parasympathetic system also called?
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Tropotrophic system (ie promotes growth)
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What is the sympathetic system also called?
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Ergotrophic system (ie expends energy)
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How does the parasympathetic system affect the eye, cardiovascular system, and digestion/excretion?
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Miosis (pupillary constriction) of the eye.
Decrease in BP and HR. Increase in digestion/excretion |
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How does the sympathetic system affect the eye, cardiovascular system, and digestion/excretion?
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Mydriosis (pupillary dilation) of the eye.
Increase in BP and HR. Decrease in digestion/excretion |
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Name three features of the parasympathetic nervous sytem.
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Consists of a cranial outflow (Cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10) and sacral outflow (S2-S3)
Consists of long preganglionic fibres and short postganglionic fibres Has a 1:1 ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic fibres |
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Name the four cranial nerves of the parasympathic nervous system.
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CN 3 - Oculomotor
CN 7 - Facial CN 9 - Glossopharyngeal CN 10 - Vagus |
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Name three features of the sympathetic nervous system.
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Consists of a thoracolumbar outflow
(T1 - L2). Consists of short preganglionic fibres and long postganglionic fibres. Has a 1:20 ratio of preganglionic to postganglionic fibres (ie one preganglionic fibre causes wide, diffuse effect for fight/flight response). In addition to other tissues, affects adrenal medulla, sweat glands, and skeletal muscle (somatic) |
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What molecule is this?
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Catechole
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Explain the synthesis of adrenaline and noradrenaline.
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Tyrosine -> DOPA -> Dopamine ->
Noradrenaline -> Adrenaline (tyrosine to DOPA is a hydroxylation rxn by tyrosine hydroxylase, DOPA to dopamine is a decarboxylation rxn by DOPA decarboxylase, dopamine to noradrenaline is a beta-hydroxylation rxn by Dopamine beta-hydroxylase, noradrenaline to adrenaline is a methylation rxn by phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase) |
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In the synthesis of noradrenaline and adrenaline, what is the slowest step (rate limiting step)?
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The first rxn (tyrosine to DOPA) is the slowest (rate limiting) step (because tyrosine hydroxylase is a slow enz)
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Cortisol controls which enz in the synthesis of noradrenaline and adrenaline?
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Cortisol controls phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase.
(with hypercortisolism, the higher cortisol levels result in higher levels of phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase, therefore higher levels of adrenaline) |
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Name the two enzymes that metabolize catecholamines and describe them.
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Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT)
Found in the cytosol of cells all over the body (except for sympathetic nerve endings/terminals) Monoamine oxidase (MAO) Found in the mitochondria of cells all over the body (including sympathetic nerve endings/terminals, so found everywhere) |
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Termination of transmitter action is carried out by which process?
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Reuptake (mainly) terminates transmission action (by an amine pump). (But, some NA diffuses away and is metabolized by COMT and MAO)
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Dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline have a great or low amount of first pass metabolism?
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Dopamine, noradrenaline, and adrenaline have a great amount of first pass metabolism (b/c of the presence of COMT and MAO in the gut and liver). Therefore, they have almost zero oral bioavailability, so no or little drug reaches systemic circulation
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Noncatecholamine sympathomimetic drugs have a great or low amount of first pass metabolism and give some examples of these drugs.
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Noncatecholamine sympathomimetic drugs have a low amount of first pass metabolism (b/c they are not sensitive to COMT and MAO). Therefore, they have a high oral bioavailability, so easily reach systemic circulation
Ex: Ephedrine, Amphetamine |
