Pharm. Module 1

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2700 BC

Back 1

Drug use was recorded in the Middle East and China. The most commonly used drugs were laxatives and emetics for inducing vomiting.

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1550 BC

Back 2

Egyptians wrote down their observations related to drug therapy and suggested castor oil as a laxative opium for pain and moldy bread applications for wounds.

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131-201 AD

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Galen a surgeon to the gladiators of Pergamos and a physician to the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius initiated the use of drug prescriptions to treat specific diseases.

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Middle Ages

Back 4

Monks kept information about medicine and pharmacology and tended to the sick and needy.

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1240 AD

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Arabs formulated the first drug standards and the measurements known as the apothecary system.

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18th Century

Back 6

The following drug breakthroughs occurred: a vaccine for small pox digitalis from the foxglove plant and vitamin C from fruit.

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19th Century

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Morphine and codeine were extracted from opium; atropine bromides and iodides were introduced; amyl nitrate was used to relieve anginal pain; the anesthetics ether and nitrous oxide were discovered.

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1907

Back 8

Salvarsan was used to treat syphilis.

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1922

Back 9

Insulin was first used to treat diabetes.

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1930s

Back 10

Sulfonamides were introduced.

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1940s

Back 11

Antibiotics were introduced: penicillin tetracycline streptomycin. Antihistamines and cortisones were first marketed.

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1950s

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Antipsychotics antihypertensives oral contraceptives and the polio vaccine were introduced.

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nurses need to have a current knowledge about:

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How drugs interact with body tissues
The different types of drugs
How drugs affect patients
The correct ways to administer drugs
How to keep patients safe from harm

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pharmcodynamics

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The study of how drugs interact with body cells and tissues -- the theories of drug action.

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Pharmcokinetics

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The study of the movement of drugs in the body, including the processes of absorption, distribution, localization in tissues, biotransformation (metabolism), and excretion.

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pharmacotherapeutics

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The study of the effects of drugs on the human body.

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Food and Drug Administration -- the FDA

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granted the power to enforce some of the laws

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Drug Enforcement Administration -- the DEA

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enforces those dealing with narcotics and controlled substances

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U.S. Pharmacopeia/National Formulary (USP/NF)

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the official book of drug standard

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1906 Food and Drug Act

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This act was the first federal law passed that attempted to protect the public from drug-induced harm.

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1914 Harrison Narcotic Act

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This act was the first law in the U.S. and in the world

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1938 Wheeler-Lea Act

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This act defined the criteria for the non-fraudulent advertising of food drugs and cosmetics.

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1952 Durkham-Humphrey Amendment

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This law differentiated between drugs that could be sold with or without a prescription.

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1962 Kefauver-Harris Amendment

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This law was enacted in response to the Thalidomide tragedy which occurred in Europe. Thalidomide was an incompletely-tested drug prescribed as a sedative/hypnotic during pregnancy. Infants exposed to Thalidomide were born with serious birth defects.

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1970 Controlled Substance Act

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This act classified controlled substances according to their usefulness and potential for abuse. These classifications are called Schedules and go from Schedule I drugs with the highest potential for abuse to Schedule V drugs with the lowest potential for abuse.

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1978 Drug Regulation Reform Act

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This act permitted a shorter period of time for the investigation of a drug thus speeding up its release to the public.

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1983 Orphan Drug Act

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This act provides funds for research related to drugs which treat rare and chronic disorders. Individuals benefiting from this research include ones with diseases such as hepatic porphyria hemophilia leprosy Cushing's syndrome and Tourette's disorder.

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I

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Very high may lead to severe dependence. heroin marijuana LSD STP peyote hashish

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II

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High abuse potential. Severe physical or psychological dependence. opium morphine methadone secobarbital codeine amphetamines cocaine oxycodone

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III

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Less abuse than schedules I and II. Moderate to low physical abuse high psychological abuse. Combined preparations such as Empirin with codeine Lortab Fiorinal Tylenol with codeine

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IV

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Lower abuse than schedule III. Limited physical or psychological dependence. phenobarbital chloral hydrate paraldehyde chlordiazepoxide(Librium) diazepam(Valium) flurazepam(Dalmane) temazepam

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V

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Lower potential for abuse than schedule IV. Very limited physical or psychological dependence. A prescription may not be required. medications for relief of cough or diarrhea such as Robitussin AC or Lomotil.

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Misfeasance:

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Giving the wrong drug or drug dose that results in the client's death.

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Nonfeasance:

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Omitting a drug dose that results in the client's death.

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Malfeasance:

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Giving the correct drug but by the wrong route that results in the client's death.