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314 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Biologics
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substances that produce biologic responses within the body; they are synthesized by cells of the human body, animal cells, or microorganisms
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Clinical investigation
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second stage of drug testing that involves clinical phase trials
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second stage of drug testing that involves clinical phase trials
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testing of a new drug in selected patients
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Complementary alternative therapies
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treatments considered outside the realm of conventional Western medicine
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Drug
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general term for any substance capable of producing biological responses in the body
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Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
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U.S. agency responsible for the evaluation and approval of new drugs
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Formulary
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lists of drugs and drug recipes commonly used by pharmacists
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Medication
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drug after it has been administered
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NDA review
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third stage of new drug evaluation by the FDA
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Pharmacology
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the study of medicines; the discipline pertaining to how drugs improve or maintain health
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Therapeutics
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the branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of disease and suffering
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Assessment
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appraisal of a patient's condition that involves gathering and interpreting data
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Autonomy
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ability to make decisions unaided by others
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Interventions
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actions that produce an effect or that are intended to alter the course of a disease or condition
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Nursing diagnosis
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clinical-based judgment about the patient and his or her response to health and illness
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Nursing process
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a five-part systematic decision-making method that includes assessment, nursing diagnosis, planning, implementation, and evaluation
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Objective data
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information gathered through physical assessment, laboratory tests, and other diagnostic sources
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Outcome
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objective measures of goals
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Planning
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links strategies, or interventions to established goals and outcomes
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Subjective data
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information gathered regarding what a patient states or perceives
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Active immunity
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resistance resulting from a previous exposure to an antigen
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Antibody
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protein produced by the body in response to an antigen; used interchangeably with the term immunoglobulin
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Antigen
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foreign organism or substance that induces the formation of antibodies by the immune system
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B cell
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lymphocyte responsible for humoral immunity
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Biologic response modifiers
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substances that are able to enhance or stimulate the immune system
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Calcineurin
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intracellular messenger molecule to which immunosuppressants bind
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Cytokine
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chemical produced by white blood cells, such as interleukins, leukotrienes, interferon, and tumor necrosis factor, that guide the immune response
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Cytotoxic T cell
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lymphocyte responsible for cell-mediated immunity that kills target cells directly or by secreting cytokines
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Helper T cell
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lymphocyte that coordinates both the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses and that is the target of the human immunodeficiency virus
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Immune response
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specific reaction of the body to foreign agents involving B and/or T lymphocytes
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Immunosuppressant
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any drug, chemical, or physical agent that lowers the immune defense mechanisms of the body
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Interferon
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type of cytokine secreted by T cells in response to antigens to protect uninfected cells
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Interleukin
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class of cytokines synthesized by lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and certain other cells, that enhance the capabilities of the immune system
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Nonspecific body defenses
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defenses such as inflammation that protect the body from invasion by general hazards
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Passive immunity
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immune defense that lasts 2 to 3 weeks; obtained by administering antibodies
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Plasma cell
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cell derived from B lymphocytes that produces antibodies
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T cell
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type of lymphocyte that is essential for the cell-mediated immune response
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Titer
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measurement of the amount of a substance in the blood
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Toxin
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chemical produced by a microorganism that is able to cause injury to its host
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Toxoid
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substance that has been chemically modified to remove its harmful nature but is still able to elicit an immune response in the body
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Transplant rejection
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when the immune system recognizes a transplanted tissue as being foreign and attacks it
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Vaccination immunization
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receiving a vaccine or toxoid to prevent disease
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Vaccine
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biologic material that confers protection against infection; preparation of microorganism particles that is injected into a patient to stimulate the immune system, with the intention of preventing disease
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Bioavailability
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ability of a drug to reach the bloodstream and its target tissues
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Chemical name
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strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
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Combination drug
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drug product with more than one active generic ingredient
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Controlled substance
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in the United States, a drug whose use is restricted by the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act; in Canada, a drug subject to guidelines outlined in Part III, Schedule G of the Canadian Food and Drugs Act
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Dependence
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strong physiologic or psychologic need for a substance
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Generic name
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nonproprietary name of a drug assigned by the government
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Mechanism of action
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how a drug exerts its effects
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Pharmacologic classification
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method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of action
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Prototype drug
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well-understood model drug to which other drugs in a pharmacologic class may be compared
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Scheduled drug
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in the United States, a term describing a drug placed into one of five categories based on its potential for misuse or abuse
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Therapeutic classification
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method for organizing drugs on the basis of their clinical usefulness
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Trade name
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proprietary name of a drug assigned by the manufacturer; also called the brand name or product name
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Withdrawal
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physical signs of discomfort associated with the discontinuation of an abused substance
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Acute radiation syndrome
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life-threatening symptoms resulting from acute exposure to ionizing radiation, including nausea, vomiting, severe leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, anemia, and alopecia
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Anthrax
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microorganism that can cause severe disease and high mortality in humans
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Bioterrorism
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intentional use of infectious biologic agents, chemical substances, or radiation to cause widespread harm or illness
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Ionizing radiation
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radiation that is highly penetrating and can cause serious biologic effects
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Nerve agents
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chemicals used in warfare or by bioterrorists that can affect the central nervous system and cause death
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Strategic National Stockpile (SNS)
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program designed to ensure the immediate deployment of essential medical materials to a community in the event of a large-scale chemical or biologic attack
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Vaccine
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biologic material that confers protection against infection; preparation of microorganism particles that is injected into a patient to stimulate the immune system, with the intention of preventing disease
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Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI)
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supplies and pharmaceuticals that are shipped after a chemical or biological threat has been identified
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Allergic reaction
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acquired, hyperresponse of body defenses to a foreign substance (allergen)
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Anaphylaxis
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acute allergic response to an antigen that results in severe hypotension and may lead to life-threatening shock if untreated
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Apothecary system of measurement
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older system of measurement using drams; rarely used
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ASAP order
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as soon as possible order that should be available for administration to the patient within 30 minutes of the written order
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Astringent effect
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drops or sprays used to shrink swollen mucous membranes, or to loosen secretions and facilitate drainage
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Buccal route
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tablet or capsule that is placed in the oral cavity between the gum and the cheek
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Compliance
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taking a medication in the manner prescribed by the healthcare provider, or, in the case of OTC drugs, following the instructions on the label
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Enteral route
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drugs given orally, and those administered through nasogastric or gastrostomy tubes
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Enteric coated
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tablets that have a hard, waxy coating designed to dissolve in the alkaline environment of the small intestine
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Five rights of drug administration
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principles that offer simple and practical guidance for nurses to use during drug preparation, delivery, and administration
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Household system of measurement
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older system of measurement using teaspoons, tablespoons, and cups
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Intradermal (ID)
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medication administered into the dermis layer of the skin
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Intramuscular (IM)
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delivery of medication into specific muscles
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Intravenous (IV)
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medications and fluids administered directly into the bloodstream
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Metric system of measurement
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most common system of drug measurement that uses grams and liters
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Parenteral route
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dispensing of medications via a needle into the skin layers
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PRN order
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(Latin: pro re nata) medication is administered as required by the patient's condition
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Routine order
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orders not written as STAT, ASAP, NOW, or PRN
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Single order
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medication that is to be given only once, and at a specific time, such as a preoperative order
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Standing order
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order written in advance of a situation, which is to be carried out under specific circumstances
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Subcutaneous
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medication delivered beneath the skin
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Sublingual route
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medication that is placed under the tongue, and allowed to dissolve slowly
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Sustained release
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tablets or capsules designed to dissolve slowly over an extended time
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Three checks of drug administration
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in conjunction with the five rights, these ascertain patient safety and drug effectiveness
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Absorption
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the process of moving a drug across body membranes
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Affinity
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chemical attraction that impels certain molecules to unite with others to form complexes
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Blood-brain barrier
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anatomical structure that prevents certain substances from gaining access to the brain
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Conjugates
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side chains that, during metabolism, make drugs more water soluble and more easily excreted by the kidney
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Distribution
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the process of transporting drugs through the body
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Drug-protein complex
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drug that has bound reversibly to plasma proteins, particularly albumin, that makes the drug unavailable for distribution to body tissues
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Enterohepatic recirculation
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recycling of drugs and other substances by the circulation of bile through the intestine and liver
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Enzyme induction
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process in which a drug changes the function of the hepatic microsomal enzymes and increases metabolic activity in the liver
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Excretion
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the process of removing substances from the body
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Fetal-placental barrier
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special anatomical structure that inhibits many chemicals and drugs from entering the fetus
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First-pass effect
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mechanism whereby drugs are absorbed across the intestinal wall and enter into the hepatic portal circulation
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Hepatic microsomal enzyme system
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as it relates to pharmacotherapy, liver enzymes that inactivate drugs and accelerate their excretion; sometimes called the P-450 system
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Loading dose
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comparatively large dose given at the beginning of treatment to rapidly obtain the therapeutic effect of a drug
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Maintenance dose
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dose that keeps the plasma drug concentration continuously in the therapeutic range
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Metabolism
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total of all biochemical reactions in the body
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Minimum effective concentration
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the amount of drug required to produce a therapeutic effect
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Pharmacokinetics
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the study of how drugs are handled by the body
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Plasma half-life (t1/2)
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the length of time required for a drug to decrease its concentration in the plasma by one-half after administration
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Prodrug
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drug that becomes more active after it is metabolized
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Therapeutic range
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the dosage range or serum concentration that achieves the desired drug effects
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Toxic concentration
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level of drug that will result in serious adverse effects
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Agonist
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drug that is capable of binding with receptors to induce a cellular response
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Antagonist
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drug that blocks the response of another drug
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Efficacy
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the ability of a drug to produce a desired response
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Frequency response curve
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graphical representation that illustrates interpatient variability in responses to drugs
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Graded dose response
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relationship between and measurement of the patient's response obtained at different doses of a drug
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Idiosyncratic response
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unpredictable and unexplained drug reaction
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Median effective dose (ED50)
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dose required to produce a specific therapeutic response in 50% of a group of patients
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Median lethal dose (LD50)
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often determined in preclinical trials, the dose of drug that will be lethal in 50% of a group of animals
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Median toxicity dose (TD50)
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dose that will produce a given toxicity in 50% of a group of patients
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Nonspecific cellular responses
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drug action that is independent of cellular receptors, and not associated with other mechanisms, such as changing the permeability of cellular membranes, depressing membrane excitability, or altering the activity of cellular pumps
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Partial agonist
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medication that produces a weaker, or less efficacious, response than an agonist
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Pharmacodynamics
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the study of how the body responds to drugs
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Pharmacogenetics
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the area of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug response
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Potency
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the strength of a drug at a specified concentration or dose
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Receptor
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the structural component of a cell to which a drug binds in a dose-related manner, to produce a response
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Second messenger
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cascade of biochemical events that initiates a drug's action by either stimulating or inhibiting a normal activity of the cell
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Therapeutic index
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the ratio of a drug's LD50 to its ED50
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Adolescence
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person from 13 to 16 years of age
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Infancy
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child under the age of 1 year
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Middle-age adulthood
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Middle-age adulthood
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Older adulthood
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person over age 65
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Polypharmacy
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the taking of multiple drugs concurrently
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School-age child
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child from 6 to 12 years of age
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Teratogen
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drug or other agent that causes developmental birth defects
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Young adulthood
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person from 18 to 40 years of age
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Beneficence
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ethical principle of doing good
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Ethical dilemma
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when two moral principles appear to be in conflict
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Ethics
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branch of philosophy that deals with distinguishing between right and wrong, and the moral consequences of human actions
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Evaluation, systematic
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objective assessment of the effectiveness and impact of interventions
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Fidelity
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the obligation to be faithful to agreements and fulfill promises
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Goal
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any object or objective that the patient or nurse seeks to attain or achieve
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Justice
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ethical principle that persons who have similar circumstances should be treated alike
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Medication administration record
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documentation of all pharmacotherapies received by the patient
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Medication error
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any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare provider, patient, or consumer
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Medication error index
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categorizes medication errors by evaluating the extent of the harm an error can cause
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Nonmaleficence
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ethical obligation to not harm the patient
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Nurse Practice Act
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legislation designed to protect the public by defining the legal scope of practice
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Reasonable and prudent action
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defines the standard of care as the actions that a reasonable and prudent nurse with equivalent preparation would do under similar circumstances
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Risk management
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seeking means of reducing medication errors by modifying policies and procedures within the institution
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Standards of care
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the skills and learning commonly possessed by members of a profession
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Culture
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set of beliefs, values, religious rituals, and customs shared by a group of people
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Ethnic
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people having a common history and similar genetic heritage
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Genetic polymorphism
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changes in enzyme structure and function due to mutation of the encoding gene
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Holistic
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viewing a person as an integrated biological, psychosocial, cultural, communicating whole, existing and functioning within the communal environment
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Psychology
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science that deals with normal and abnormal mental processes and their impact on behavior
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Sociology
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study of human behavior within the context of groups and societies
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Botanical
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plant extract used to treat or prevent illness
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Complementary alternative therapies
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treatments that consider the health of the whole person and promote disease prevention
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Herb
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plant with a soft stem that is used for healing or as a seasoning
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Specialty supplement
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nonherbal dietary products used to enhance a wide variety of body functions
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Addiction
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the continued use of a substance despite its negative health and social consequences
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Attention-deficit disorder
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inability to focus attention on a task for a sufficient length of time
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Benzodiazepines
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major class of drugs used to treat anxiety disorders
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Cross-tolerance
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when tolerance to one drug makes the patient tolerant to another drug
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Designer drugs
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substances produced in a laboratory and intended to mimic the effects of other psychoactive controlled substances
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Physical dependence
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condition of experiencing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when a substance is discontinued
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Psychedelics
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substances that alter perception and reality
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Psychological dependence
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intense craving for a drug that drives people to continue drug abuse withdrawn
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Reticular formation
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portion of the brain affecting awareness and wakefulness
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Sedative
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substance that depresses the CNS to cause drowsiness or sleep
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Substance abuse
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self-administration of a drug that does not conform to the medical or social norms within the patient's given culture or society
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Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
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the active chemical in marijuana
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Tolerance
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process of adapting to a drug over a period of time, and subsequently requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect
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Withdrawal syndrome
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symptoms that result when a patient discontinues taking a substance upon which he or she was dependent
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Anaphylaxis
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acute allergic response to an antigen that results in severe hypotension and may lead to life-threatening shock if untreated
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Antipyretic
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drug that lowers body temperature
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Complement
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a series of proteins involved in the nonspecific defense of the body that promote antigen destruction
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Cushing's syndrome
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condition of having too much corticosteroids in the blood, caused by excessive secretion by the adrenal glands or by overdosage with corticosteroid medication
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Cyclooxygenase (COX-1 and COX-2)
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key enzyme in the prostaglandin metabolic pathway that is blocked by aspirin and other NSAIDs
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H1-receptor
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sites located on smooth muscle cells in the bronchial tree and blood vessels that are stimulated by histamine to produce bronchodilation and vasodilation
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H2-receptor
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sites located on cells of the digestive system that are stimulated by histamine to produce gastric acid
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Histamine
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chemical released by mast cells in response to an antigen that causes dilation of blood vessels, bronchoconstriction, tissue swelling, and itching
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Inflammation
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nonspecific body defense that occurs in response to an injury or antigen
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Mast cell
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connective tissue cell located in tissue spaces that releases histamine following injury
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Presynaptic neuron
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Presynaptic neuron
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Prostaglandins
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class of local hormones that promotes local inflammation and pain when released by cells in the body
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Reye's syndrome
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potentially fatal complication of infection associated with aspirin use in children
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Salicylism
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poisoning due to aspirin and aspirinlike drugs
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Acquired resistance
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when a microbe is no longer affected by a drug following anti-infective pharmacotherapy
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Aerobic
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pertaining to an oxygen environment
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Anaerobic
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pertaining to an environment without oxygen
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Antibiotic
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substance produced by a microorganism that inhibits or kills other microorganisms
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Antifibrinolytic
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drug used to prevent and treat excessive bleeding from surgical sites
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Anti-infective
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general term for any medication that is effective against pathogens
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Bacilli
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bacteria that are oblong in shape; also called rods
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Bacteriocidal
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substance that kills bacteria
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Bacteriostatic
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substance that inhibits the growth of bacteria
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Beta-lactam ring
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chemical structure found in most penicillins and some cephalosporins
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Beta-lactamase (penicillinase)
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enzyme present in certain bacteria that is able to inactivate many penicillins and some cephalosporins
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Broad-spectrum antibiotic
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anti-infective that is effective against many different gram positive and gram negative organisms
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Cocci
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bacteria that are spherical in shape
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Culture and sensitivity test
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laboratory exam used to identify bacteria and to determine which antibiotic is most effective
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Gram-negative
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bacteria that do not retain a purple stain because they have an outer envelope
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Gram-positive
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bacteria that stain purple because they have no outer envelope
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Host flora
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normal microorganisms found in or on a patient
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Mutation
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permanent, inheritable change to DNA
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Narrow-spectrum antibiotic
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anti-infective that is effective against only one or a small number of organisms
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Pathogen
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organism that is capable of causing disease
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Pathogenicity
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ability of an organism to cause disease in humans
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Plasmid
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small piece of circular DNA found in some bacteria that is able to transfer resistance from one bacterium to another
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Red-man syndrome
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rash on the upper body caused by certain anti-infectives
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Superinfection
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new infection caused by an organism different from the one causing the initial infection; usually a side effect of antiinfective therapy
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Tubercles
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cavitylike lesions in the lung characteristic of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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Virulence
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the severity of disease that a pathogen is able to cause
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Azole
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term for the major class of drugs used to treat mycoses
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Dermatophytic
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superficial fungal infection
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Dysentery
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severe diarrhea that may include bleeding
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Ergosterol
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Ergosterol
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Erythrocytic stage
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phase in malaria during which infected red blood cells rupture, releasing merozoites and causing fever and chills
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Fungi
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kingdom of organisms that includes mushrooms, yeasts, and molds
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Helminth
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type of flat, round, or segmented worm
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Malaria
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tropical disease characterized by severe fever and chills caused by the protozoan Plasmodium
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Mycoses
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diseases caused by fungi
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Polyene
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antifungal class containing amphotericin B and nystatin
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Protozoan
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single-celled animal
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Yeast
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type of fungus that is unicellular and divides by budding
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
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Antigen
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foreign organism or substance that induces the formation of antibodies by the immune system
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Antiretroviral
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drug that is effective against retroviruses
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Capsid
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protein coat that surrounds a virus
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CD4 receptor
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protein that accepts HIV and allows entry of the virus into the T4 lymphocyte
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Hepatitis
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viral infection of the liver
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Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
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drug therapy for HIV infection which includes high doses of multiple medications that are given concurrently
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HIV-AIDS
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acronym for human immunodeficiency virus-acquired immune deficiency syndrome; characterized by profound immunosuppression that leads to opportunistic infections and malignancies not commonly found in patients with functioning immune defenses
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Influenza
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common viral infection; often called flu
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Intracellular parasite
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infectious microbe that lives inside host cells
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Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)
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vascular cancer that first appears on the skin and then invades internal organs; frequently occurs in AIDS patients
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Latent phase
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period of HIV infection during which there are no symptoms
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Leukemia
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cancer of the blood characterized by overproduction of white blood cells
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Pegylation
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process that attaches polyethylene glycol (PEG) to an interferon to extend its pharmacologic activity
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Protease
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viral enzyme that is responsible for the final assembly of the HIV virions
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Reverse transcriptase
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viral enzyme that converts RNA to DNA
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Virion
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particle of a virus capable of causing an infection
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Virus
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nonliving particle containing nucleic acid that is able to cause disease
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Adjuvant chemotherapy
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a technique in which antineoplastics are administered after surgery or radiation to effect a cure
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Alkylation
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process by which certain chemicals attach to DNA and change its structure and function
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Alopecia
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hair loss
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Aromatase inhibitor
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hormone inhibitor that blocks the enzyme aromatase, which normally converts adrenal androgen to estradiol
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Benign
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not life threatening or fatal
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Camptothecin
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class of antineoplastics that inhibits the enzyme topoisomerase
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Cancer/carcinoma
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malignant disease characterized by rapidly growing, invasive cells that spread to other regions of the body and eventually kill the host
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Chemotherapy
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drug treatment of cancer
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Emetic potential
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usually applied to antineoplastic agents; meaning the degree to which an agent is likely to trigger the vomiting center in the medulla, resulting in nausea and vomiting
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Growth fraction
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the ratio of the number of replicating cells to resting cells in a tumor
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Liposome
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small sacs of lipids designed to carry drugs inside them
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Lymphoma
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cancer of lymphatic tissue
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Malignant
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life threatening or fatal
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Metastasis
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travel of cancer cells from their original site to a distant tissue
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Mucositis
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inflammation of the epithelial lining of the digestive tract
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Neoplasm
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an abnormal swelling or mass, same as tumor
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Oncogenes
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genes responsible for the conversion of normal cells into cancer cells
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Palliation
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form of cancer chemotherapy intended to alleviate symptoms rather than cure the disease
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Sarcoma
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cancer of connective tissue such as bone, muscle, or cartilage
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Taxanes
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alkaloids isolated from bark of Pacific yew and used for antineoplastic activity; current drugs include paclitaxel (Taxol) and docetaxel (Taxotere), but more than 19 others are being investigated
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Taxoids
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antineoplastic drugs obtained from the Pacific Yew tree
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A delta fibers
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nerves that transmit sensations of sharp pain
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Analgesic
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drug used to reduce or eliminate pain
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Antagonism
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type of drug interaction where one drug inhibits the effectiveness of another
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Aura
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sensory cue such as bright lights, smells, or tastes that precede a migraine
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C fibers
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nerves that transmit dull, poorly localized pain
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Endogenous opioids
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chemicals produced naturally within the body that decrease or eliminate pain; they closely resemble the actions of morphine
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Kappa receptor
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type of opioid receptor
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Methadone maintenance
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treatment of opioid dependence by using methadone
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Migraine
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severe headache preceded by auras that may include nausea and vomiting
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Mu receptor
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type of opioid receptor
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Narcotic
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natural or synthetic drug related to morphine; may be used as a broader legal term referring to hallucinogens, CNS stimulants, marijuana, and other illegal drugs
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Neuropathic pain
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caused by injury to nerves and typically described as burning, shooting, or numb pain
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Nociceptors
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receptors connected with nerves that receive and transmit pain signals to the spinal cord and brain
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Opiate
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substance closely related to morphine extracted from the poppy plant
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Opioid
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substance obtained from the unripe seeds of the poppy plant; natural or synthetic morphinelike substance
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Substance P
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neurotransmitter within the spinal cord involved in the neural transmission of pain
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neurotransmitter within the spinal cord involved in the neural transmission of pain
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common type of head pain caused by stress and relieved by nonnarcotic analgesics
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Amide
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type of chemical linkage found in some local anesthetics involving carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (-NH-CO-)
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Balanced anesthesia
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use of multiple medications to rapidly induce unconsciousness, cause muscle relaxation, and maintain deep anesthesia
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Ester
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type of chemical linkage found in some local anesthetics involving carbon and oxygen (-CO-O-)
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General anesthesia
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medical procedure that produces unconsciousness and loss of sensation throughout the entire body
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Local anesthesia
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loss of sensation to a limited part of the body without loss of consciousness
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Neurolept analgesia
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type of general anesthesia that combines fentanyl with droperidol to produce a state in which patients are conscious, though insensitive to pain and unconnected with surroundings
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Neuromuscular blocker
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drug used to cause total muscle relaxation
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Nitrogen mustards
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alkylating agents used to treat a variety of tumors
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Surgical anesthesia
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stage 3 of anesthesia, where most major surgery occurs
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Clonic spasm
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multiple, rapidly repeated muscular contractions
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Dystonia
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severe muscle spasms, particularly of the back, neck, tongue, and face; characterized by abnormal tension starting in one area of the body and progressing to other areas
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Muscle spasms
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involuntary contractions of a muscle or group of muscles that become tightened, develop a fixed pattern of resistance, and result in a diminished level of functioning
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Spasticity
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inability of opposing muscle groups to move in a coordinated manner
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Tonic spasm
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single, prolonged muscular contraction
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Allergic rhinitis
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syndrome of sneezing, itchy throat, watery eyes, and nasal congestion resulting from exposure to antigens; also known as hay fever
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Antitussive
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drug used to suppress cough
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Expectorant
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drug used to increase bronchial secretions
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H1-receptor
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sites located on smooth muscle cells in the bronchial tree and blood vessels that are stimulated by histamine to produce bronchodilation and vasodilation
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Mucolytic
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drug used to loosen thick mucus
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Rebound congestion
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condition of hypersecretion of mucus following use of intranasal sympathomimetics
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Aerosol
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suspension of minute liquid droplets or fine solid particles suspended in a gas
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Asthma
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chronic inflammatory disease of the lungs characterized by airway obstruction
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Bronchospasm
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rapid constriction of the airways
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Chronic bronchitis
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recurrent disease of the lungs characterized by excess mucus production, inflammation, and coughing
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Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
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(COPD) generic term used to describe several pulmonary conditions characterized by cough, mucus production, and impaired gas exchange
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Leukotrienes
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chemical mediators of inflammation stored and released by mast cells; effects are similar to those of histamine
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Metered dose inhaler (MDI)
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device used to deliver a precise amount of drug to the respiratory system
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Methylxanthine
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chemical derivative of caffeine
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Mucolytic
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drug used to loosen thick mucus
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Nebulizer
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device used to convert liquid drugs into a fine mist for the purpose of inhalation
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Perfusion
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blood flow through a tissue or organ
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Status epilepticus
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condition characterized by repeated seizures or one prolonged seizure attack that continues for at least 30 minutes
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Ventilation
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process by which air is moved into and out of the lungs
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