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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain the major responsibilities of a physician in prescribing a drug
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a. Mechanism of action
b. Indications- When to use. Is this particular use approved for this drug by FDA? c. Contraindications d. Adverse effects (side effects)- Common cause for non-compliance |
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Explain the interrelationship between pharmacodynamics and pharmokinetics
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Pharmacodynamics is the study of the effects of drugs on tissues.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of the effects of tissues on drugs. |
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List patient factors that can effect drug actions
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a.Age
b.Body weights c.Pregnancy d.Pathological conditions e.Pharmacogenetics- polymorphic proteins can result in idosyncratic drug reactions |
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Tolerance
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repeated administration at a given dose results in decreased effects
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Pharmacodynamic tolerance
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reduction in normal reactivity of the drug receptor
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Pharmacokinetic tolerance
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drug reduces its own absorption and/or elimination
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Tachyphylaxis
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very rapid, acute tolerance
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Additive effect-
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(+) when combined effect of two different drugs equals the sum of their individual effects (typical with opiods)
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Potentiation (or synergy)
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(+) when combined effect is greater than the sum of the individual effects of two drugs
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Pharmacological antagonism
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(-) a drug blocks a receptor that another drug activates
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Physiological antagonism
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(-) two drugs act at different sites to produce opposite effects (norep at adrenergic and hist at other receptors)
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Biochemical antagonism
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(-) a drug reduces the effective concentration of another drug (warfarin and phenobarbitol)
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Chemical antagonism
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(-) two drugs combine to form an inactive product (lead poisoning treated with chelator)
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Explain the concept of bioavailability
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rate and extent of drug absorption into the bloodstream
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Explain the differences between generic and proprietary drugs, and describe the process of naming drugs
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proprietary drugs are names copyrighted by a single manufacturer and one drug can have several trademark/proprietary names, whereas one drug can have only one generic name.
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Phase I
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Is it safe?
i. Pharmokinetics ii. Non-toxic |
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Phase II
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Does it work in patients?
i. Efficacy |
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Phase III
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Does it work, double blind?
i. Higher numbers of patients |
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Phase IV
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Post-marketing surveillance
i. Critical period ii. Look for rare adverse effects iii. Really high numbers of patients |
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List the responsibilites of the FDA
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a. Must prove that a drug is both safe and effective before approving it
b. Must specify the conditions for which the drug is approved c. Approval of all medical devices d. Post-marketing reviews of adverse effects e. CANNOT regulate herbals and nutritional supplements |
