Pharm Immune Response Ch 15 Karch

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Chapter 15

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Introduction to the Immune Response and Inflammation

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Body's defenses include: (4)

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Barrier defenses
Cellular defenses
Inflammatory response
Immune response

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Barrier defenses

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Skin
Mucous membrane
Gastric Acid
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
(Chromosomal distinction between self and foreign cells

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Types of cellular defenses
(Mononuclear Phagocyte System)
-Composed of

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MPS
Thymus gland
Lymphatic tissue
Leukocytes
Lymphocytes
Chemical mediators

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These are key cellular components of the immune system

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Leukocytes
And
Lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells Natural killer cells)

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Name the 5 types of Leukocytes
Nobody likes my educational background

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Neutrophils 60%
Lymphocytes 30%
Monocytes
Eosynophils
Basophils

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Neutrophils battle

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Bacteria
By phagocytosis and MHC

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Lymphocytes battle

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Viruses

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Monocytes

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Clean up through phagocytosis

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Eosynophils

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Alergic response

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Basophils

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Clean up through the inflammatory response

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Tissue injury causes these two main processes to be activated:

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Hegeman Factory
And
Histamine Release

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Histamine release causes

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Vasodilation
and
Increased cell permiability
-all for repair and defense

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The local inflammatory response of the body to invasion or injury is known as:

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The Hageman Factor
or
Factor XII

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The Hageman Factor XII is responsible for activating these 3 systems in the body:

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Kinin system
Clotting cascade
Plasminogen system-disolves blood clots

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How the Kinin-Bradykinin system works

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Causes local vasodilation
Stimulates nerve endings to cause pain
causes arachidonic acid release
AA leads to release of autocoids

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Types of autocoids:

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Prostiglandins
Leukotrienes
Thromboxanes

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Prostiglandins cause

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Inflammation

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Leukotrienes cause

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Vasodilation

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Thromboxanes cause

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Vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation and blood coagulation

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The inflammatory response causes these characteristic responses

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Heat, swelling, rendess, pain

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The release of histamine causes

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Vasodilation
Redness
Swelling
Inc. cell permeability
Swelling

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Specific invasions stimulate specific responses by

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Bone marrow produced T and B lymphocytes
and
Natural killer lymphocytes

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Natural killer lymphocytes are particularly aggressive towards:

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Neoplastic cancer cells and promote rapid cellular death

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Three types of T (Thymus) Cells that provide cell-mediated immunity

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Effector or cytotoxic T cells
Helper T cells
Suppresor T cells

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Cell-mediated immunity is

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The distruction of nonself cells by T cells. Response to a specific antigen

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Function of Effectory or Cytotoxic T Cells

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Found throughout the body
Aggresive against non-self cells
Can directly destroy foreign cells or mark them for destrution

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Function of Helper T Cells

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Respond to immunine system chemical indicators and
Stimulate the activity of B cells and Effector T cells
Rapid initial response

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Function of Suppressor T Cells

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Monitor immune system chemical indicators and suppress or slow the reaction.
Slowed ongoing response

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B cells are stimulated by

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Helper T cells

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Functin of B Cells

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ex. chicken pox
Programmed to identify specific proteins or antigens
Involved in humoral immunity
Produce antibodies or immunoglobulins A-A complex

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B cell antigen-antibody complex attacks the antigen and initiates:

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Vasodilation
Inc capillary permiability
Histamine release
Kinin activation
Chemotaxis
Phagocytosis
Lysis

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Other mediators in the immune response are

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Interferons
Interleukins
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

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Function of Interferons

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Chemicals secreted by invaded cells that prevent viral replication and supress malignant cell replication and tumor growth

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Function of Interleukins

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Chemicals secreted by active leukocytes to influence other leukocytes
T & B cells, cytotoxic and natural killers

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Function of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)

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Chemical released by macrophages that inhibits tumor growth and may cause regression

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Neoplasm problem involving the immune system
Definition and example

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When mutant cells escape normal detection and begin to grow-Breast tumors

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Viral invasion problem involving the immune system

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Viruses escape detection and may trick the body into killing its own cells-autoimmune disease

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Autoimmune disease problem involving the immune system

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The body responds to specific self-antigens to produce antibodies against its own cells.

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Autoimmune disease theories

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-Suppressor T Cells may not suppress autoantibody production
-Cell types invaded by a virus are targeted for destruction
-Genetic predisposition to develop autoantibodies

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Transplant rejection problem involving the immune system

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Transplanted tissue produces an immune reaction through T Cell action

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The immune response provides:

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A specific reaction to foreigh cells or proteins

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T cells can be

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Cytotoxic-destroying nonself-cells
Helper-augmenting an immune reaction
Suppressor-dampening the immune response to save energy and prevent cell damage

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Teh response to the inflammatory stimuli involves:

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Local vasodilation
Increased capillary permiability
Stimulation of pain fibers
---all alert the person to injury and increase blood flow to the area