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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Toxicology is the study of...
"Hazard" is the ability of a chemical agent or drug to cause... The hazard of a drug is dependent on... "Risk" is the expected frequency of... Risk is determined by... A major route of exposure is... Other routes include... An "acute exposure" is multiple exposures over ___ days. "Chronic exposure" is exposure for... |
-deleterious effects of chemicals and/drugs on biological systems
-Injury in a given situation -Dependent on the amount of chemical and exposure time -the occurence of an undesirable effect -Dose response curves for the chemical or drug -Inhalation (airborne pollutants) -Transdermal, oral (minor; contaminated water & soil) -1-2 days -Longer time period |
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Characteristics of chemical/drug/substance that impact the environment include...
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-Degradability of a substance
-Mobility (thru air, water and soil) -Bioaccumulation -Biomagnification |
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What is bioaccumulation...
Examples of drugs that bioaccumulate... Biomagnification can occur thru... |
-Substances that are not degraded by abiotic or biotic pathways persist or accumulate in the environment.
-Lipophilic drugs that bioaccumulate in body fat and other tissues -Food chains b/c when one species feeds upon others, this concentrates the sub/drug/chem |
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_____ toxicology is exposure to C/D/S in the workplace that are hazardouz to the employees.
Threshold limit values have been published for approximately ___ # of chemicals. ____ toxicology are chemical pollutants that affect living organisms. Examples of these are... The daily intake of a chemical during an individuals lifetime is called ___. |
-Occupational toxicology
-600 chemicals -Environmental toxicology -Air pollution, pesticides, food processing chemicals -Acceptible daily allowance |
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____ is the toxic effects of chemical and physical agents on populations and communities of living organisms (ecosystems)
Examples of animals affected... |
-Ecotoxicology
-Fish (Salmon, Trout, Carp, Drum, Herring) |
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Air Pollutants include...
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-Carbon Monoxide
-Sulfur dioxide -Nitrogen Oxides -Ozone |
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Carbon Monoxide:
Type of gas... Formed by... CO binds to HgB at an affinity ___x oxygen to form... Symptoms of CO intoxication (hypoxia) include... Tx for acute CO intoxication... Elimination half life is... |
-Colorless, tasteless, odorless
-Incomplete combustion -220x oxygen to form carboxyhemoglobin -Psychomotor impairment -HA, confusion, loss of visual acuity -Tachycardia, tachypnea, syncope, coma -Convulsion, shock, respiratory failure -TX: ventilation and removal from CO source -320 min |
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Sulfur Dioxide:
Color of gas... Irritates what... 90% is inhaled which causes... What type of pts are sensitive to SO2... Symptoms seen with SO2 intoxication... |
-Colorless gas
-Eyes, mucous membranes, and skin -bronchial constriction -Asthmatic pts -Irritation of eyes, nose, throat (reflex bronchoconstriction) -Delayed onset of pulm edema -Chronic cardiopulm disease |
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Nitrogen Oxide (NO2):
Color of gas... NO2 is a irritant to alveoli, which may cause ___ with acute exposure that may appear within ___ hrs Symptoms of exposure include... Treatment includes... |
-Pulmonary edema, appear within 1-2 hrs
-Irritation of eyes, nose -Cough, frothy sputum, dyspnea, chest pain -Oxygenation and ventilation -Bronchodilators, sedatives, and antibiotics |
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Ozone (O3):
Color of gas... The ozone layer absorbes the ___ of the sun's rays Ozone is produced by ___ and ___ Symptoms of exposure include... No specific Tx, follow procedure as for ___ exposure |
-Bluish irritant gas
-UV light of the sun's rays -Air and water purifying devices -Upper respiratory irritation (w/ mild exposure) -Deep lung irritation, throat dryness -NO2 exposure |
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Halogenated Alliphatic Hydrocarbons:
Found in what type of agents... Tetrachloroethylene (25ppm) and Toluene (50ppm) causes __ and ___ The most potent of these is ___, which is used as an anesthetic. They are CNS ____ Symptoms or toxic effects that these drugs cause... Treatment... |
-Industrial agents, degreasing and cleaning agents
-Impaired memory and peripheral neuropathy -Chloroform, CNS depressants -Hepatotoxicity, carcinogenicity -Nephrotoxicity (carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, trichloroethylene) -No specific Tx |
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Aromatic hydrocarbons:
Example is... Causes ___, esp exposure to ___ppm for 30 mins Chronic exposure can lead to BM injury such as... |
-Benzene
-CNS depression, 7500ppm -Aplastic anemia, leukopenia, pancytopenia, and thrombocytopenia |
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Toulene:
It is a CNS depressant whose effects are ____ dependent Symptoms include... 10,000ppm exposure may produce rapid ___ |
-Concentration (800ppm)
-Severe fatigue and ataxia -rapid loss of consciousness |
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BREAST CANCER (BC):
Approximately 95% of breast cancer cases btwn 2000 and 2004 were detected in women ___yrs and older. It has been shown that 1 in every 100 cases of BC occurs in who? |
-40 years and older
-Men |
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Risk factors include...
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-Age
-Race/ethnicity -Genetic and hormonal factors |
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What types of woman younger than 40yo have a higher incidence than other women?
For women older than 40yo, ___ women have a higher inicidence. |
-African american women
-Caucasian American women |
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BC Stages I-IV may be characterized as ___ receptor, ____ receptor positive or negative or have an over expression of the _____ gene
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-Estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor
-Human epidermal growth factro 2 (HER2) gene |
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BC treatment depends on 6 different factors...
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-Age
-Health -Stage of disease -Tumor size -Estrogen/progesterone receptor positive tumors -Abnormal HER2 gene expression |
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BC treatment can include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or biological therapy.
When chemotherapy is given before surgery to shrink the tumor, this is referred to as ____ therapy. When chemotherapy is given alone, this is referred to as ____ therapy. |
-Neoadjunct therapy
-Palliative therapy |
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Systemic chemotherapy can be a combination of these 3 different drugs?
Another combination of 3 drugs is ____ |
-Cyclophosphamide + 5-fluorouracil + methotrexate
-Cyclophosphamide + 5-Fluorouracil + doxorubicin |
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An example of an antimetabolite drug used to Tx BC is _____.
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5-fluorouracil (5-FU)
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PROSTATE CANCER:
50 to 80% of men ___ yrs and older have prostate cancer. Prostate cancer can be detected by high ____ levels or presence of ____. |
-80 years and older
-High prostate specific antigen levels or presence of hard nodules |
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Risk factors for prostate cancer include...
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-Age
-Genetics -Hormonal influences -Environmental factors -Chemical and pollutants |
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Treatment of prostate cancer can include surgery, which is called ____, or ____ therapy
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-Orchiectomy, or Androgen deprivation therapy
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COLORECTAL CANCER:
There are different malignant forms of colorectal cancer. The Familial Adenomatous Polyposis type has ____# of polyps and occurs in ____ age range. Attenuated Familial Adenomatous Polyposis type has ____# of polyps? Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer has polyps found in the ___ and occurs in the ages of ____ |
-100's of polyps and occurs in the 40's
-Less than 100 polyps -Right colon and occurs in the ages of 30s and 40s |
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Risk factors for colon cancer include...
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-High fat diet
-Genetics -Presence of polyps -Ulcerative colitis |
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LUNG CANCER:
More than 70% of cases have been detected in pts ___ and older. Risk factors include... |
-65 yrs and older
-Smoking (active and passive) -Asbestos fibers -Radon gas -Genetics -COPD -Air pollution |
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Antimetabolite drugs include...
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-Mercaptopurine
-Methotrexate -5-Flourouracil |
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Alkylating agents include...
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-Cyclophosphamide
-Dacarbazine -Melphalan -Oxaliplatin -Cisplatin |
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Anthracycline agents include...
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-Doxorubicin
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Vinca Alkyloid agents include...
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-Vincristine
-Vinblastin |
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Taxane agents include...
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-Paclitaxel
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Drugs used for Leukemia...
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-Vincristine
-Prednisone -Mercaptopurine (6-MP) -Methotrexate -Cyclophosphamide |
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Drug combo used for Hodgkins Lymphoma...
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-Doxorubicin
-Dacarbazine -Bleomycin -Vinblastin |
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Drug combo used for NON-Hodgkins Lymphoma...
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-Doxorubicin
-Cyclophosphamide -Prednisone -Vincristine |
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Anti-Tumor antibiotic example includes...
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-Bleomycin
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What groups of anti-cancer drugs are effective in all stages of the cell cycle?
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-Alkylating agents
-Anthracyclines |
