Pharm Ii Antibiotics

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Excessive urea levels in the blood usually related to renal dysfunction.

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Azotemia

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Cells or casts found in the urine related to kidney damage.

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Cylindruria

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Loss of the ability to concentrate urine leading to polyuria.

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Hyposthenuria

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A substance that injures the kidneys.

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Nephrotoxicity

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A substance that injures the inner ear.

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Ototoxicity

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A protocol for monitoring blood levels of a particular drug.

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Peak and Trough

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Presence of protein in the urine.

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Proteinuria

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Presence of white blood cells in the urine

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Pyuria

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Excessive dryness of the skin.

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Xeroderma

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Excessive dryness of the eyes

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Xerophthalmia

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Used to treat bacterial septicemia, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and pseudomembranous colitis caused by C difficile or C diff.Especially effective in treating gram positive infections in patients who are allergic to penicillin.

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Vancomycin

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Vancomycin

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Bactericidal.
Inhibits cell wall synthesis by altering cell wall permeability. It also inhibits the synthesis of RNA.

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Vancomycin

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Contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity to the drug and in pregnant patients

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Vancomycin

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The most serious adverse effects of vancomycin are ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity.Can cause a massive release of histimines causing an anaphylactoid reaction

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Vancomycin

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Symptoms include fever, chills, tachycardia, pruritis, paresthesias, and flushing, rash or redness in the face, neck, upper body called the “red man” or “red neck” syndrome.

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Drugs that affect protein synthesis

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Aminoglycosides, lincosamides, macrolides, oxazolidinones, streptogramins, tetracyclines, and miscellaneous antibiotics.

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Aminoglycoside used to treat infections caused by gram-negative bacilli.

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Gentamicin

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Exerts its effect by entering the bacterial cell and destroying the bacteria.Contraindicated during pregnancy and lactation.

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Gentamicin

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Gentamicin

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Most well-known adverse effects of gentamicin and all aminoglycosides is nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and neuromuscular blockade

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Nursing Consideration with Gentamicin

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It is important for the nurse to assess the patient for any history of myasthenia gravis or parkinsonism. Gentamicin may cause severe neuromuscular weakness in patients with these disorders.

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Aminoglycoside given orally to decrease GI flora as a preparation for bowel surgery and to treat hepatic encephalopathy.

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Neomycin

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Active against a wide range of aerobic gram positive cocci and several anaerobic gram-negative and gram-positive organims.Indicated for use in treating serious to life-threatening infections caused by susceptible strains of organisms.

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Clindamycin

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Clindamycin

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Very toxic.
Either bacteriostatic or Bacteriocidal, depending on its concentration.
Contraindicated in pregnancy and lactation

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Clindamycin-Adverse Effects

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The most common adverse effects are nausea and vomiting,abdominal pain with oral administration. Another more serious adverse effect is antibiotic associated colitis, or Clostridium difficile or C diff.

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Clindamycin

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Parenteral solutions of clindamycin must be used within 24 hours of reconstitution.

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Clindamycin

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Clindamycin should be administered on an empty stomach with a full glass of water

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Commonly used in treating Legionnaire disease, Mycoplasma pneumonia, diptheria, chlamydial infections, and chancroid, and as an alternative to antibiotics in patients who are allergic to penicillin.

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Erythromycin

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Erythromycin-Adverse Effects

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Most common adverse effects related to erythromycin include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea. More serious, but less common adverse effects include, hepatotoxicity, pseudomembranous colitis, QT interval prolongation and ventricular tachhycardia of the torsades de pointes type, tinitis, and reversible hearing loss.

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Erythromycin

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Reconstitute erythromycin with sterile water only.Can be very irritating to veins.Administer IV infusions over 30 to 60 minutes.

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Developed specifically for treating methicillin-resistant infections

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Linezolid (Oxazolidinones)

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Given cautiously to patients with pre-existing blood dyscrasias, as it is known to suppress bone marrow function.

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Linezolid

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Linezolid-Adverse Effects

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The most common adverse effects are diarrhea, headache, nausea, and vomiting. Serious adverse effects include, thrombocytopenia, elevated hepatic enzymes and pseudomembranous colitis.

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Linezolid-Avoid these things

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Foods containing tyramine and beverages containing caffeine or alcohol should be avoided when taking linezolid.

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Treatment of serious, life-threatening infections associated with vancomycin resistant organisms.

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Quinupristin/Dalfopristin (Streptogramins)

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Quinupristin/Dalfopristin-Adverse Effects

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Adverse effects of include pseudomembranous colitis, superinfection, and hepatotoxicity.

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Bacteriostatic, as they inhibit or retard the growth of bacteria but do not kill them.

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Tetracycline

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Tetracycline-Adverse Effects

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The major adverse effect involves the GI tract and include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, damage to the teeth and rarely hepatic toxicity.Avoid during pregnancy and lactation.

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Tetracycline-Nursing Consideration

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Oral contraceptives may be less effective if taken concurrently with tetracycline.
Tetracycline should not be taken with food, especially dairy products.

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Tetracycline-Nursing Consideration

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Patients taking tetracycline should avoid direct sunlight, as the drug enhances the effects of sun. However, if outdoors is unavoidable, it is imperative for the patient to use sunscreen with at least a sun protection factor of 15.

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Usually bacteriostatic but can be bacteriocidal in high doses.

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Chloramphenicol

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Chloramphenicol-Nursing Consideration

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Contraindicated in breast-feeding women, as it can suppress bone marrow function in breast-feeding infants.Use with caution in patients with depressed bone marrow function and especially in those who have received cytotoxic drug therapy and radiation therapy.

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Chloramphenicol-Adverse Effects

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Serious and potentially life-threatening adverse effects are blood dyscrasias. These include aplastic anemia or inadequate numbers of red blood cells being produced by the bone marrow, hypoplastic anemia or a decrease in the number of red blood cells being produced by the bone marrow, thrombocytopenia or a decrease number of platelets being produced by the bone marrow, pancytopenia or a decrease in all blood cells being produced by the bone marrow, and granulocytopenia or a decrease in myeloid white blood cells being produced by the bone marrow.

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Chloramphenicol-S/S

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Bleeding, easy bruising, and fatigue