Pharm I Midterm - F

Front 1

Excretion:

Back 1

Removal or clearance of a drug out of the body

Front 2

Routes of excretion:

Back 2

Renal
Hepatic
Feces
Milk
Other: Saliva, eggs, hair, feather, sweat glands, expired air (lungs)

Front 3

is glomerular filtration able to large or small volumes at a time?

Back 3

large

Front 4

why is glomerular filtration able to excrete large volumes at a time

Back 4

bc of the HIGH BF to the kidney

Front 5

The high blood flow to the kidney allows .....

Back 5

Arterial blood pressure to force blood through
glomerular capillaries and into Bowman’s capsule to form the ultrafiltrate

Front 6

what is the % of CO filtered by the kidney?

Back 6

5%

Front 7

T/F: tiny changes in % reabsorbed by they kidney are significant

Back 7

TRUE

Front 8

What are the 2 factors affecting glomerular filtration?

Back 8

Filtration
Molecular Size of the drug

Front 9

Does ionization status affect glomerular filtration rate?

Back 9

NO

Front 10

Are Free drugs (.: unbound drugs) are the only drugs that can be filtered by the kidney

Back 10

YES

Front 11

T/F: Drugs bound to proteins do not get filtered by the kidney

Back 11

TRUE

Front 12

T/F: Molecules with MW <7000 Da (charged or not) equilibrate between plasma and ultrafiltrate

Back 12

TRUE

Front 13

T/F: Molecules with a MW between 7000 and 70,000 Da, the filtration rate is proportional to the
molecular mass

Back 13

TRUE

Front 14

Molecules with a MW between 7000 and 70,000 Da, the filtration rate is _________ to the
molecular mass

Back 14

proportional

Front 15

Molecules with a MW between 7000 and 70,000 Da, the filtration rate is proportional to the
_________ _____

Back 15

molecular mass

Front 16

Molecules with MW _______ __ (charged or not) equilibrate between plasma and ultrafiltrate

Back 16

<7000 Da

Front 17

is glomerular filtration a faster or slower method of excretion than active tubular secretion

Back 17

slower

Front 18

T/F: Creatinine clearance is not used as index of glomerular filtration

Back 18

FALSE - Creatinine clearance IS used as index of glomerular filtration

Front 19

What are the 2 transport systems of active tubular transport

Back 19

Cation Transport System
Anion Transport System

Front 20

Cation Transport System is used for what 2 drug types

Back 20

lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs

Front 21

Cation transport system:
Weak bases -->

Back 21

carbachol, quinine, cimetidine, procainamide, nicotine

Front 22

Anion Transport System:
Weak Acids -->

Back 22

penicillin G, Probenecid, thiazide diuretics, loop
diuretics

Front 23

Does the cation transport system of active tubular secretion utilize weak acids or weak bases?

Back 23

weak bases

Front 24

Does the anion transport system of active tubular secretion utilize weak acids or weak bases?

Back 24

weak acids

Front 25

Can active tubular secretion move against the concentration gradient?

Back 25

YES

Front 26

Active Tubular Secretion requires energy provided by ___ _______ in the basolateral membrane

Back 26

Na+ pumps

Front 27

Active Tubular Secretion requires energy provided by Na+ pumps in the _________ __________

Back 27

basolateral membrane

Front 28

Is carrier-mediated inhibition/competition possible when we are referring to active tubular secretion

Back 28

YES

Front 29

what are 2 drugs that undergo carrier-mediated inhibition/competition when they utilize active tubular secretion

Back 29

penicillins
probenecid

Front 30

is there are transport maximum in reference to active tubular secretion

Back 30

YES

Front 31

T/F: Active tubular secretion is affected by plasma protein binding

Back 31

FALSE - Active tubular secretion is NOT affected by plasma protein binding

Front 32

T/F: If a drug is utilizing active tubular secretion as its method of excretion, equilibrium between free & bound drug will be rapidly re-established

Back 32

TRUE

Front 33

In reference to renal excretion, for what type of drugs is passive reabsorption important?

Back 33

highly lipid soluble drugs

Front 34

can both weak acid and weak base drug types utilize passive reabsorption if the non-ionized form is lipid soluble

Back 34

yes

Front 35

where does passive reabsorption occur in the kidney?

Back 35

PCT and DCT

Front 36

T/F: highly lipophilic nonelectrolytes are usually slowly eliminated by renal excretion unless they have been biotransformed

Back 36

True

Front 37

does passive reabsorption establish a large concentration gradient?

Back 37

yes

Front 38

what type of drugs are usually eliminated with urine excretion?

Back 38

Water soluble drugs
ionized drugs
polar drugs

Front 39

can elimination of some drugs be manipulated by changing the pH of the urine

Back 39

YES

Front 40

T/F: Trapping drugs in their ionized form in the urine speeds up their excretion

Back 40

TRUE --- if the drug bc ionized when it is already in the urine it can not re-cross the cell membranes to get back in the blood .: there it is held in the urine and will be excreted

Front 41

acidification of urine with ammonium chloride or di-methionine will trap weak _____ drugs in the urine

Back 41

basic

Front 42

Alkalinization by sodium bicarbonate enhances excretion of weak _____ drugs by trapping them in the urine

Back 42

acidic

Front 43

what are 2 acidic drugs that can be trapped in the urine by alkalinizing the urine

Back 43

aspirin
phenobarbital

Front 44

acidification of urine with ______ __ or __-_______ will trap weak basic drugs in the urine

Back 44

ammonium chloride
di-methionine

Front 45

Fluid therapy and diuretics ______ renal excretion of drugs by reducing tubular reabsorption

Back 45

enhance

Front 46

Fluid therapy and diuretics enhance renal excretion of drugs by _____ tubular reabsorption

Back 46

reducing

Front 47

Fluid therapy and diuretics enhance renal excretion of drugs by reducing ______ __________

Back 47

tubular reabsorption

Front 48

if you have cat that is overdosed on aspirin what type of drug do you want to give to the cat in an attempt to increase excretion of that drug

Back 48

you want to give the cat a drug that alkalinizes the urine so that it traps the aspirin (Salicylic acid)

Front 49

T/F: At pH 7.4, Urine & Plasma have the same ratio of ionized/nonionized drugs, but urine is 100 x more concentrated

Back 49

TRUE

Front 50

what are some factors affecting renal excretion?

Back 50

Liver disease
Kidney disease
Age
Urine pH modifiers
Fluid therapy
Diuretics
Plasma protein binding
Dose and rate of absorption

Front 51

T/F: Highly water soluble drugs are usually metabolized first in the liver

Back 51

FALSE - highly LIPID soluble drugs are usually metabolized first in the liver

Front 52

How are drugs transported from hepatic cells to bile or from hepatic cells to blood?

Back 52

Drug are transported from hepatic cells to bile or blood by passive diffusion or active transport.

Front 53

what are some drugs that are excreted via biliary excretion?

Back 53

steroid hormones
erythromycin
nafcillin
digitoxin
glucuronides of chloramphenicol
morphine

Front 54

enterohepatic circulation prolongs the ___-____ of drugs

Back 54

half-life

Front 55

________ circulation prolongs the half-life of drugs

Back 55

enterohepatic

Front 56

Can drug residues be found in milk?

Back 56

YES

Front 57

can basic drugs become trapped in milk?

Back 57

yes

Front 58

can you treat mastitis by utilizing the fact that basic drugs will get trapped in the milk?

Back 58

yes

Front 59

T/F: semen can be used to treat prostatitis and male genital tract infections by utilizing its ability to trap drugs

Back 59

TRUE

Front 60

Tachyphylaxis =

Back 60

an acute (sudden) decrease in the response to a drug after repeated administration.

Front 61

T/F: tachyphylaxis is not a method of physiologic compensation

Back 61

FALSE - Tachyphylaxis is a method of physiologic compensation

Front 62

what are 2 mechanism of tolerance?

Back 62

Induction of biotransforming enzymes
Down-regulation of receptors

Front 63

what are 2 examples of drugs that animals commonly become tolerant to.

Back 63

opioids
beta 2-agonists