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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two major cerebral centers?
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chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) near medulla
vomiting center- medulla these cause vomiting when stimulated |
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CTZ is stimulated by which neurotransmitter?
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dopamine
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nonprescription antiemetics
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Antihistamines- Benadryl
Pepto Bismol |
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How does Benadryl work?
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prevents nausea, vomiting, and dizziness (vertigo) caused by motion by inhibiting vestibular stimulation in the middle ear
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How does Pepto-Bismol work?
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acts directly on the gastric mucosa to suppress vomiting
considered an absorbant because it absorbs bacterial toxins also commonly used for travelers diarrhea |
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Prescription Antiemetics
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Vistaril
Phenergan Ativan Zofran Kytril Reglan Compazine |
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dopamine antagonists (phenothyazines)
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Compazine and Phenergan
block dopamine receptors in CTZ dry mouth, drowsiness, decreased secretions |
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Seratonin Receptor Agonists
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Zofran and Kytril
block the serotonin receptors in CTZ and afferent vagal nerve terminals in the upper GI tract they DONT block dopamine receptors --> no EPS headache, diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue |
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Glucocorticoids
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Decadron
suppress emesis assciated with cancer chemo administered IV for a short time , less side effects |
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Cannabinoids
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active ingredients in marjuana
not for clients with psych disorders appetite stimulant causes euphoria |
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Emetics
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Ipecac
Amorphine Charcole |
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Ipecac
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for any ingestion non-caustic
taken with water, not milk or carbonated beverages vomiting 15-30 minutes after over use causes cardiomyopathy, ventricular fibrillation, death |
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charcoal
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promotes absorption of poison or toxic substances
not systemically absorbed used for poisoning |
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Apomorphine
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IV, stimulates vomiting
only with conscious patients |
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opiates
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increase intestinal motility by decreasing peristalsis
cause CNS depression when taken with alcohol , sedatives, or tranquilizers |
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Lomotil
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opiate that has less potential for drug dependence
used for travelers diarrhea |
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Imodium
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OTC
protects against diarrhea reduces fecal volume decreases intestinal fluid and electrolyte losses |
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Osmotic Laxatives
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pull water into the colon and increase water in the feces to increase bulk, which stimulates peristalsis
high doses are used for diagnostic or surgical procedures |
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GoLYTELY
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Used before procedures like colonoscopy
can be used by clients with renal impairment or cardiac disorder |
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Stimulants
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Dulcolax
Bisacodyl Castor Oil |
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Dulcolax
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Short term constipation treatment
bowel preparation for diagnostic tests can cause tetany not with apendicitis |
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Bisacodyl
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harsh cathartig or purgative
for bowel preparation for diagnostic tests |
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Bulk-Forming Laxatives
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natural fibrous substances that promote large, soft stools by absorbing water into the intestine, increasing fecal bulk and peristalsis
need to take with water does not cause dependence |
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Metamucil
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first line agent
need enough water |
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Nursing Interventions for Bulk Forming
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check fluid intake and output
monitor bowel sounds identify the cause of constipation |
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Emollients
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stool softeners to prevent constipation
lower surface tension and promote water accumulation in the intestine and stool frequently for MI patients or surgery so they dont strain |
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Nursing Implications for stimulant laxatives
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monitor fluid intake and output
note signs and symptoms of electrolyte imbalance take drug only with water dont take within 1 hour of another drug |
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Colace & Peri-Colace
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Peri-colace has senna
used episodically or routinely |
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Predisposing Factors in Peptic Ulcer Disease
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mechanical disturbances
genetc influences bacterial organisms environmental factors certain drugs |
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GERD
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inflammation or erosion of the esophageal mucosa caused by a reflux of gastric acid content from the stomach into the esophagus
-smoking and obesity accelerate the disease process |
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Robinul
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anticholenergic
dries secretions taken before meals to decrease acid secretion that occurs with eating act by inhibiting ach and blocking histamine and HCl delay gastric emptying time- more used for duodenol ulcers |
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antacids
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promote ulcer healing by neutralizing Hcl and reducing pepsin activity- they do not coat the ulcer
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Tums
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dont take with other meds, hydration is important
calcium carbonate |
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Alyminum hydroxide
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causes constipation
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Mylanta
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dont take with other meds, hydrate
magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide` |
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Carafate
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pepsin inhibitor
coats the stomach do not give with other medications because it will stop the absorption of others |
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Zantac
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H2 blocker antiulcer
blocks histamine response and decreases blood flow |
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Prevacid
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Proton Pump inhibitor
decreases gastric acid |
