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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of a seizure?
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Involuntary, uncontrolled disturbance of the brain usually manifested by uncontrolled muscular activity. May be partial or general (the whole brain).
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What are signs of seizures?
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Loss or derangement of consciousness, loss of or excess muscle tome movement, alteration of sensation, changes in teh autonomic nervous system, behavioral changes.
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What are three characteristics of seizures?
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They are sterotypic (similar each time), unprecipitated (no obvious trigger) and cease spontaneously.
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What is the definiton of epilepsy?
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A general term meaning recurrent seizures, especially if underlying cause is not identified.
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What needs to be ruled out before a seizure is diagnosed as epilepsy?
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All other causes for a seizure.
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What may be some other causes for a seizure besides epilepsy?
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toxicity (strychnine, lead, antifreeze, organophosphate), acute encephalitis or meningitis (infections), hydrocephalus, brain tumor, hypogylcemia, hyperthermis, acute cranial trauma and other (rabies, hepatic encephalopathy)
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What is primary epilepsy diagnosed on?
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Normal history, PE, neuro exam, CBC, serum chemistry. Possible CSF tap, EEG, Catscan.
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What are the four stages of an epileptic seizure?
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Preictal (aura), Ictus, Post Ictal and Interictal period.
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What is the Preictal (aura) stage?
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Unusual behavior before the seizure. May include pacing, licking, salivating, barking. Can last minutes to hours.
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What is the Ictus stage.
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The actual seizure, lasts seconds to minutes.
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What are the most common signs seen in dogs with epilepsy?
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Loss of consciousness, collapse. Rigidity, paddling, jaw movement. viocalization, salivation, incontinence.
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What is the Post ictal stage?
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Disorientation and fatigue following seizure. Can include unusual behavior or neurological deficits, including temporary blindness.
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What is the Interictal period stage?
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Between seizures.
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Which breed are more predisposed to seizures?
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Dalmations, St. Bernards, Irish Setters, Poodles, Beagles, Cocker spaniels, Labs, Golden retrievers, Malamutes, Huskies
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What is the definition of status epilepticus?
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Multiple seizures with little or no rest between. One episode may last 15-30 minutes. It's a medical emergency!
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What can occur because of status epilepticus?
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Can be fatal due to Hypoxia and hyperthermia.
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How do you treat status epilepticus?
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IV diazepam first. Pentopbarbitol may be given if diazepam is unsuccessful. Control hyperthermia. Treat specific cause if known.
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How do you control/treat epilepsy?
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Control primary cause if known. Control seizures with anticonvulsants if seizures are long or frequent.
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What's the recommended way of administering epileptic drugs?
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Divide the daily dose into TID or QID - it gives optimum blood levels. You can give the higher amounts at night when most seizures occur.
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What time of day do most seizures occur?
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At night.
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What drug therapies are used for dogs with seizures?
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Phenobarbital, bromaide, primidone (Mylepsin -R), diazepam (Valium -R).
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What's the drug of choice for seizures in dogs?
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phenobarbital
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What class of drug is phenobarbital?
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Class IV
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What needs to be monitored when using phenobarbital?
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Liver values.
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What drug drug is converted to phenobarbital in the body?
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primidone (Mylepsin-R)
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What drug is used for seizures in cats, but doesn't have the same effect in dogs?
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diazepam (Valium-R). Little ability to prevent seizures in dogs, but is used as a treatment.
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What drugs are used to treat seizures in cats?
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phenobarbital (Luminal-R, solfoton-R) and diazepam (Valium-R).
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What's the drug of choice for treating cats with seizurs?
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phenobarbital (Luminal-R, Solfoton-R).
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Trade name for primidone?
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Mylepsin-R
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Generic name for Mylesin-R?
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primidone
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Trade name for diazepam?
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Valium-R
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Generic name for Valium-R.
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diazepam
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Trade name for phenobarbital.
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Luminal-R, Solfoton-R
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Generic name for Luminal-R.
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phenobarbital
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Generic name for Solfoton-R.
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phenobarbital
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Drug contraindications to seizure drugs.
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Antihistamines, phenothiazine tranquilizers and antiemetics (they all depress the CNS).
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Trade name for diazepam?
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Valium-R
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What are two drugs that are used for behavior therapy?
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clomipramine (Clomicalm-R), selegiline (Anipryl-R)
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What is clomipramine (Clomicalm-R)?
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A tricyclic antidepressnat- increases serotonin and norepinephrin (neurotransmitters) levels in the brain.
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What does clomipramine (Clomicalm-R) do?
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Releives anxiety and enhances learning efficiency. Also used for obsessive behaviors, fearful aggression, hyperactivity, hypervocalization and urine marking.
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Trade name for clomipramine.
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Clomicalm-R
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Generic name for Clomicalm-R.
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Clomipramine.
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What is selegiline (Anipryl-R)?
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A MOA-B inhibitor - increases dopamine (neurotransmitter) levels to the brain.
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What is selegiline (Anipryl-R) used for?
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The treat canine cognitive dysfunction (senility) and clinical signs of pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism.
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Trade name for selegiline.
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Anipryl-R
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Generic name for Anipryl-R.
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selegiline
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What is oxyglobin used for?
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A dark purple oxygen-carrying fliud given IV for anemia. A substitute for blood transfusion.
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How often can you give oxyglobin?
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Once.
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How long does it take oxyglobin to clear the body?
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4-9 days.
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What are some adverse side effects to oxyglobin?
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Cardiac, respiratory and gastrointestinal effects, anaphylactic shock and death.
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What is oxyglobin (made up of)?
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It's a Modified Lactated Ringer's solution containing polymerized bovine hemoglobin.
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What is oxyglobin labeled for use in?
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Dogs.
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