Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Bethanechol
|
Muscarinic agonist
Activates bowel and bladder smooth muscle Used for ileus and urinary retention |
|
|
|
Carbachol
|
Muscarinic agonist
Used for glaucoma, pupillary contraction, relief of intraocular pressure |
|
|
|
Pilocarpine
|
Muscarinic agonist
Potent stimulator of sweat, tears, saliva Used for glaucoma, pupillary contraction, relief of intraocular pressure Non-quaternary ammonium (alkaloid) - lipophillic, oral & CNS |
|
|
|
Methacholine
|
Muscarinic agonist
Used for diagnosis of asthma |
|
|
|
Pyridostigmine
|
Cholinesterase inhibitor
Treatment of myasthenia gravis |
|
|
|
Edrophonium
|
Cholinesterase inhibitor
Very short acting Diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (over vs under-treatment) |
|
|
|
Neostigmine
|
Cholinesterase inhbitor
Long-acting Treatment of myasthenia gravis Reveral of NMJ blockade after surgery |
|
|
|
Donepezil
|
Cholinesterase inhibitor
Alzheimer's |
|
|
|
Phyostigmine
|
Cholinesterase inhibitor, carbamate
Non-quaternary amine, oral and BBB Topical glaucoma treatment Atropine overdose |
|
|
|
Echothiophate
|
Cholinesterase inhibitor
Glaucoma emergencies |
|
|
|
Scopolamine
|
Muscarinic antagonist
Motion sickness |
|
|
|
Oxybutin
Glycopyyrolate |
Muscarinic antagonist
Reduce urgency and bladder spasms |
|
|
|
Ipatropium
|
Muscarinic antagonist
COPD and Asthma |
|
|
|
Atropine
Tropicamide Homatropine |
Muscarinic antagonists
Pupil dilation and cyclopegia for eye exam (atropine also used for anticholinesterase poisoning) |
|
|
|
Ephedrine
|
a&B agonist, releases stored catecholamines
Nasal decongestion, urinary incontinence, hypotension |
|
|
|
Phenylephrine
Psuedoephedrine |
Selective a1 agonist
Nasal decongestant - reduces hyperemia & edema, opens obstructed Eustachian tubes Pupil dilation for exam |
|
|
|
Ritrodine
|
B2 agonist
Suppress premature labor |
|
|
|
Amphetamine
|
Increases release of NE and DA
Reuptake inhibitor, general agonist Narcolepsy, obesity, ADD |
|
|
|
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
|
Similar to amphetamine
ADHD - paradoxical decrease in activity |
|
|
|
Cocaine
|
Inhibits reuptake of NE and DA
Vasoconstriction, local anesthesia |
|
|
|
Fenodolpam
|
D1 agonist
Short term BP reduction in severe hypertension |
|
|
|
Phenoxybenzamine
|
Irreversible alpha blocker
Pheochromocyoma |
Orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia
|
|
|
Phentolamine
|
Reversible alpha antagonist
Short-term treatment of hypertensive crisis (pts on MAO inhibitors who ingest tyramine) |
|
|
|
Prazosin
Terazosin Doxazosin |
a1 antagonists
Hypertension, urinary retention in benign prostatic hyperplasia |
1st dose orthostatic hypotension
|
|
|
Tamsulosin
|
a1A antagonist in prostate
BPH - relaxes prostate & urinary sphincter |
|
|
|
Guanethidine mechanism
|
Blocks release of NE from nerve terminals
|
|
|
|
Reserpine mechanism
|
Inhibits incorporation of amines into vessicles depleting the stores of serotonin and NE
|
|
|
|
Metyrosine
|
Inhibits dopamine synthesis
|
|
|
|
Cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning symptoms & treatment
|
Diarrhea
Urination Miosis Bronchospasm Excitation of skeletal muscle (followed by paralysis) Lacrimation Sweating & salivation |
Atropine + pralidoxime
|
|
|
Epinephrine
|
B1, B2 > a1,a2
Anaphylaxis, hypotension, asthma, Glaucoma (open-angle) - vasoconstriction decreases synthesis of aqueous humor |
|
|
|
Norepinephrine
|
Stimulates a1 & a2 > B1
Hypotension Causes increased systolic & diastolic pressure, PP remains the same, reflex bradycardia |
|
|
|
Isoproterenol
|
Stimulates B1&B2
AV block |
|
|
|
Dopamine
|
D1> B > a
Renal perfusion in shock, heart failure, ionotropic & chronotropic |
|
|
|
Dobutamine
|
Stimulates B1
Heart failure, cardiac stress test Inotropic and chronotropic |
|
|
|
Phenylephrine
|
Stimulates a1 & a2
Vasoconstriction, nasal decongestion, pupillary dilation |
|
|
|
Metaproteronol
Albuterol |
B2 > B1 stimulation
Acute asthma |
|
|
|
Salmeterol
|
B2 > B1 stimulation
Long-term asthma treatment |
|
|
|
Terbutaline
|
B2 > B1 stimulation
Reduce premature uterine contractions |
|
|
|
Benztropine
|
Muscarinic antagonist
Parkinson's |
|
|
|
Ipratropium
|
Muscarinic antagonist
Asthma, COPD |
|
|
|
Methscopolamine
Pirenzepine Propantheline |
Muscarinic antagonists
Peptic ulcer treatment |
|
|
|
Atropine poisoining
|
Increased body temp, flushed skin
Rapid pulse Dry mouth Cycloplegia Constipation Disorientation |
Tx = Phyostigmine
|
|
|
Mirtazapine
|
a2 blocker, increases serotonin release
Depression |
Sedation, increased cholesterol, increased appetite
|
|
|
Brimonidine
|
a-agonist
Open-angle glaucoma - decreased aqueous humor synthesis via vasoconstriction |
|
|
|
Acetazolamide
|
Diuretic - inhibits carbonic anhydrase in proximal tubule
Glaucoma - decreased aqueous humor secretion |
Acidosis
Sulfa hypersensitivity |
|
|
Latanoprost
|
PGF2a
Glaucoma - increases outflow of aqueous humor |
Darkens color of iris
|
|
|
Clonidine
a-methyldopa |
a2 agonists
Decrease central adrenergic outflow Hypertension, esp. w/renal disease, no renal vasoconstriction |
|
|
|
Beta blocker use & side effects
|
Hypertension
Angina pectoris MI SVT (esmolol, propanolol) CHF |
Impotence
Exacerbation of asthma Bradycardia, AV block, CHF Sedation, sleep alterations Caution with diabetics |
|
|
Acebutolol
Betaxolol Esmolol Atenolol Metoprolol |
B1 blockers
|
|
|
|
Propanolol
Timolol Nadolol Pindolol |
Non-selective beta blockers
|
|
|
|
Carvedilol
Labetalol |
Non-selective a & B blockers
|
|
|
|
Pindolol
Acebutolol |
Partial B-agonists
|
|
|
|
Hydralazine
|
Vasodilation of arterioles > veins
Increases cGMP HTN (severe and in pregnancy) CHF |
Reflex tachycardia (use w/beta blocker)
Lupus-like syndrome |
|
|
Nifedipine
Verapamil Diltiazem Amlopdipine |
L-type calcium channel blockers
Smooth muscle relaxation - nifedipine Verapamil - reduced contractility, decreased conduction velocity, increased ERP Hypertension, angina, arrythmias, Raynaud's |
Constipation - verapamil
|
|
|
Nitroprusside
|
Increases release of NO, short acting (no preference for veins/arteries)
Vasodilator for malignant HTN |
Releases CN - can cause cyanide toxicity
|
|
|
Diazoxide
|
K+ channel opener - hyperpolarizes and relaxes vascular smooth muscle
Malignant HTN |
Reduces insulin release - hyperglycemia
|
|
|
Nitroglycerin
Isosorbide dinitrate |
Increase release of NO
Dilates veins >>> arteries Angina, pulmonary edema, ED |
Monday disease - industrial exposure, reduction of tolerance over weekend, headache, tachycardia, dizziness upon reexposure
|
|
|
Lovastatin
Pravastatin Simvastatin Atrovastatin Rosuvastatin |
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
Reduce de novo cholesterol synthesis Decrease LDL |
Rhabdomyolysis
|
|
|
Niacin
|
Inhibits lipolysis in adipose tissues
Reduces VLDL secretion Increases HDL |
Red, flushed face
Hyperglycemia Hyperuricemia |
|
|
Cholestyramine
Colestipol Colesevelam |
Bile acid resins, prevent cholesterol reabsorption
Decrease LDL |
|
|
|
Ezetimibe
|
Prevents intestinal absorption of cholesterol
Decreases LDL |
|
|
|
Gemfibrozil
Clofibrate Benzafibrate Fenofibrate |
Upregulate lipoprotein lipase
Increase TG clearance Decrease VLDL, TGs |
Myositis
Cholesterol gallstones |
|
|
Cyclophosphamide
|
Alkylating agent
Must be activated by the liver Nonhodgkin's lymphoma Breast & ovarian cancer Immunosuppressant |
Hemorrhagic cystitis (treat w/MESNA)
SIADH |
|
|
Carmustine
Lomustine Streptozocin |
Alkylating agents - Nitrosoureas
Brain tumors |
Carmustine - Pulmonary & renal toxicity
|
|
|
Busulfan
|
Alkylating agent
CML Ablate bone marrow before transplant |
Pulmonary fibrosis
|
|
|
Methotrexate
|
Folic acid analog, inhibits dihydrofolate reductase
Leukemias, lymphomas, choriocarcinoma, sarcoma Ectopic pregnancy RA, psoriasis |
Fatty change in liver
Myelosuppression reversible with leucovorin |
|
|
5-flourouracil
|
Pyrimidine analog, inhibits thymidylate synthase
Effects increased with leucovorin Basal cell carcinoma Colorectal cancer |
Myelosuppression, rescue with thymidine
|
|
|
6-mercaptopurine
6-thioguanine |
Purine analog, decreases de novo purine synthesis
Activated by HGPRTase |
Give with allopurinol, metabolized by xanthine oxidase
|
|
|
Cytarbine
|
Pyrimidine analog, inhibits DNA polymerase
|
Liver - fatty change
Reduced with Leucovorin |
|
|
Cisplatin
|
Crosslinks DNA
|
Nephrotoxicity
Acoustic nerve damage Anaphylaxis |
|
|
Dactinomycin
|
Intercalates in DNA, inhibits RNA synthesis
Wilm's tumor Rhabdomyosarcoma Ewing's sarcoma |
|
|
|
Doxorubicin
Daunorubicin |
Intercalate in DNA
Generate free radicals |
Cardiotoxic - dilated cardiomyopathy
Red urine |
|
|
Bleomycin
|
Induces free radical formation causing breaks in DNA
Testicular cancer |
Pulmonary fibrosis
|
|
|
Etoposide
|
Inhibits topoisomerase
Small cell carcinoma of lung & prostate Testicular carcinoma |
|
|
|
Vincristine
Vinblastine |
Block polymerization of microtubules, formation of mitotic spindle
|
Vincristine - neurotoxic
Vinblastine - bone marrow suppression |
|
|
Paclitaxel
|
Hyperstabilize microbtubules, prevent mitotic spindle break down
Advanced breast, ovarian, lung cancer |
|
|
|
Imatinib
|
Philadelphia chromosome bcr-abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor
CML & GIST |
Fluid retention
|
|
|
Rituximab
|
Antibody against CD20, present on most B-cell neoplasms
|
|
|
|
Flutamide
|
Androgen receptor antagonist
Prostate cancer |
|
|
|
Trastuzamab toxicity
|
Cardiotoxicity
|
|
|
|
Prednisone
|
Immunosuppressant
|
Cushing's syndrome
Osteoporosis Peptic ulcers Suppress pituitary-hypothalamic axis, reproductive changes |
|
|
Cyclosporine
|
Calcineurin inhibitor, binds cyclophillin
Blocks Tcell activation & proliferation via suppression of IL-2 |
Nephrotoxicity
Hypertension Hyperglycemia Metabolized by CYP3A - low therapeutic range Gingival hyperplasia |
|
|
Tacrolimus
|
Calcineurin inhibitor, binds FK-binding protein
Blocks Tcell activation & proliferation via suppression of IL-2 |
Nephrotoxicity
Hypertension Hyperglycemia Metabolized by CYP3A - low therapeutic range Neurotoxicity, insomnia |
|
|
Sirolimus
|
Inhibits mTOR
Inhibits T-cell proliferation in response to IL-2 |
Hyperlipidemia
|
|
|
Azathioprine
|
Converted to 6-mercaptopurine
Inhibits de novo purine synthesis Kidney transplants, SLE |
|
|
|
Thalidomide
|
Decreases TNFa, IL-6
May also increase immunity though T-cells, neutrophils GVH, multiple myeloma, leprosy, some cancers |
Teratogen
|
|
|
Muromonab
|
CD3 antibody
Prevent acute transplant rejection |
|
|
|
Daclizumab
|
IL-2 receptor antibody
Prevent acute transplant rejection |
|
|
|
Abciximab
|
GIIb/IIIa antibody
Unstable angina, percutaneous coronary intervention |
|
|
|
Omalizumab
|
IgE antibody
Severe asthma |
|
|
|
IL-2 (Aldesleukin) use
|
Renal cell carcinoma
Metastatic melanoma |
|
|
|
Erythropoietin (epoetin) use
|
Anemia
|
|
|
|
G-CSF (Filgrastim) use
|
Neutropenia, recovery of bone marrow
|
|
|
|
GM-CSF (Sargramostim) use
|
Recovery of bone marrow
|
|
|
|
IFN-a use
|
Hepatitis B&C
Kaposi's sarcoma Leukemias Malignant melanoma Warts |
Depression
Flu-like symtpoms Neutropenia, anemia |
|
|
IFN-B use
|
Multiple sclerosis
|
|
|
|
IFN-g use
|
Chronic granulomatous disease
|
|
|
|
IL-11 (Oprelvekin) use
|
Thrombocytopenia
|
|
|
|
Thrombopoetin use
|
Thrombocytopenia
|
|
|
|
Colchicine
|
Gout
Binds and stabilizes tubulin to inhibit polymerization Impairs leukocyte chemotaxis and degranulation |
Agranulocytosis
|
|
|
Etanercept
|
Recombinant TNF receptor ("decoy")
|
|
|
|
Infliximab
|
TNF antibody
|
|
|
|
Adalimumab
|
TNF antibody
|
|
|
|
Trastuzumab
|
HER2 antibody
|
|
|
|
IFN-a toxicity
|
Depression
Flu-like symtpoms Neutropenia, anemia |
|
|
|
Beta blockers used in glaucoma
|
Timolol
Betaxolol Carteolol Decrease aqueous humor secretion |
|
|
|
Hexamethonium
|
Nicotinic antagonist
Ganglion blocker that prevents ANS reflexes |
Severe hypotension, blurred vision, constipation, sexual dysfunction
|
|
|
Succinylcholine
|
Depolarizing NMJ blocker
Binds motor nicotinic receptor Prolonged depolarization (phase I) receptor blocked (phase II) Muscle paraylsis in surgery |
Hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia
Malignant hyperthermia |
|
|
Tubocurarine
Atracurium Mivacurium Pancuronium Vecuronium Rocuronium |
Competive nicotinic antagonists - nondepolarizing
|
|
|
|
Mannitol
|
Osmotic diuretic
Shock, drug overdose, increase intracranial pressure |
|
|
|
Furosemide
|
Loop diuretic
Inhibits cotransport of Na, K, Cl Most effective agents |
Alkalosis, hypocalcemia
Ototoxicity Hypokalemia Dehydration Allergy (sulfa) Nephritis Gout |
|
|
Ethacrynic acid
|
Loop diuretic, similar to Furosemide
NOT a sulfonamide |
|
|
|
Hydrochlorothiazide
|
Inhibits NaCl reabsorption in distal tubule
Vasodilation |
Decreased insulin release - hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia
Hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia Sulfa drug |
|
|
Amiloride
Triamterene Spironolactone |
K+ sparing diuretics
Spironolactone - aldosterone receptor antagonist Triamterene, Amiloride - block Na channels in collecting tubules |
Spironolactone - gynecomastia, antiandrogen effects
|
|
|
Desmopressin
|
ADH angonist
Diabetes insipidus |
|
|
|
Demeclocycline
|
ADH antagonist
SIADH |
Tetracycline family - photosensitivity, deposits in bone and teeth
|
|
|
Captopril
Enalapril Lisinopril |
ACE inhibitors
|
Cough
Angioedema Proteinuria Taste changes hypOtension Pregnancy problems Rash |
|
|
Digoxin
|
Inhibits Na/K ATPase
Indirect inhibition of Na/Ca exchange, Increased intracellular Ca concentration Increased contractility, stimulation of vagus nerve Used in CHF, afib Half-life = 40 hrs (one week to steady-state) |
Cholinergic effects, arrythmias
Made worse with: Renal failure (decreased excretion) Hypokalemia (increased binding sites) Quinidine, verapamil (displaces from tissue-binding sites) |
|
|
Nesirtide
|
Recombinant B-type natriuretic peptide
Vasodilation Acute decompensated heart failure |
|
|
|
Quinidine
Procainamide Disopyramide |
Class IA antiarrythmics
Block Na channels and open K+ channels Increase AP and ERP duration Best for reentrant/supraventricular arrythmias, ventricular tachycardia |
Quinidine - cinchonism (headache, tinnitus)
Thrombocytopenia Increased QT, torsades de pointes Procainamide - SLE like |
|
|
Lidocaine
Mexiletine Tocainide |
Class IB antiarrythmics
Block inactivated/window Na channels, decrease AP duration Best for acute ventricular arrythmias, ischemic/depolarized tissue (post-MI) |
Lidocaine - seizures, local anesthetic
|
|
|
Flecainide
Propafenne |
Class IC antiarrythmics
Block all Na channels Last resort in tachyarrythmias |
C/I post-MI, proarrythmic
|
|
|
Ibutilide
Sotalol Bretylium Amiodarone Dofetilide |
Class III antiarrythmics
K+ channel blockers, extend AP & ERP |
Increase QT, torsades EXCEPT Amiodarone
Pulmonary fibrosis Hepatotoxicity Hyper/hypothyroidism Corneal/skin depositis (iodine) |
|
|
Adenosine
|
Opens K+ channels, hyperpolarizes cells
DOC for supraventricular tachycardia Half-life = 8 sec |
|
|
|
Mg2+
|
Torsades de pointes
Digoxin toxicity |
|
|
|
Beta blockers used for arrythmias
|
Propanolol, esmolol, metroprolol, atenolol, timolol
Vtach, SVT, slow ventricular rate during afib and flutter Esmolol very short acting |
|
