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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the pH of the stomach?
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1-4
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What happens when a pt takes an antacid?
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decreases the amount of acid in the stomach and increases the pH
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What cell secrete acid?
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parietal cells
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What cells make pepsinogen?
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Chief cells
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What does pepsinogen do?
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breaks down proteins
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What do the parietal cells secrete?
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acid
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What do the chief cells secrete?
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pepsinogen
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How does a proton pump inhibitor work?
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takes the H out of HCl
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What class is Zantec?
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H2 antagonists
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What class is Tagament?
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H2 antagonist
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What class is Pepsid?
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H2 antagonists
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How do antacids work?
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neutralize stomach acid and increases pH
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What does baking soda create?
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metabolic alkalosis
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What is the biggest side effect of aluminum antacids?
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constipation
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What is the biggest side effect of magnesium antacids?
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diarrhea
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What type of pts shouldn't take magnesium antacids?
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kidney
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When a pt takes magnesium what levels increase?
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Ca
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What is the organism that causes gastric ulcers?
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H Pilori
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How is H Pilori treated?
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Prep pack
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Which H2 antagonist has the highest number of side effects and a ton of drug interactions?
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Tagament
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What should pts that smoke know about Tagament?
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smoking impairs the function
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What is the active ingredient in gas decreasing medications?
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Simethicone
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How does Simethicone work?
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decreases the surface area of gas bubbles
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What is a potential side effect of Calcium carbonate antacids?
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kidney stones
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When is the best time to take an antacid?
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before you eat
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How do adsorbents work?
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bind to the bad bacteria and then you poop it out (also binds to medication so be careful)
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Who shouldn't take Peptobismal? Why?
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pts on anticoagulants and kids
because there is aspirin in it |
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What is a side effect of Bismuth?
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turns poop into a yucky black color
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How do anticholinergics work as antidiarrheals?
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slows down peristalsis and drys everything up
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What type of laxatives can be taken everyday?
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bulk forming liek magnesium
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What does a pt need to know about how to take a bulk forming laxative?
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at least 8 oz of water
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If a pt hasn't had a bowel movement, what do you do?
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auscultate, palpate, rectal exam
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How does a laxative emoliant work?
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lubes up everything to poop out easier
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What do you need to be aware of considering laxative emoliants?
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fat soluble vitamins ADEK
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How does a glycerin suppository work?
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softens poop so it can come out easier
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What is lactulose used for?
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laxative effect adn decrease ammonia
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What is an example of a saline laxative?
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MOM
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Who can't take a saline laxative?
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renal failure pts
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How do anticholinergics work as antinausea medications?
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dry up everything
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What is the number one anticholinergic for motion sickness?
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Scopalamine
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How is scopalamine used to treat motions sickness?
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patch behind the ear for 72 hours, put on before leaving
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How do prokinetics work?
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block dopamine and increases the transit time through the stomach
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What is the number one prokinetic?
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Reglan
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What is the biggest side effect of reglan?
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TD
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How do you prevent nephrotoxicity?
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push fluids
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What are common allergic reactions?
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swelling of the lips and eyes
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What should be done before starting the antibiotic?
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GET THE CULTURE
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What do neuroleptics treat and how?
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block dopamine and ACTH for treating psychotic disorders, hiccups, n/v
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What do you need to be careful of with neuroleptics?
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EPS symptoms
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What drugs are neuroleptics?
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Compazine and Fenergin
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How do serotonin blockers work?
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blocks serotonin receptors in the GI tract which trigger vomiting (causes no vomiting)
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What drug is a serotonin blocker?
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Zofran
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What class is Zofran?
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serotonin blocker
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What is Marinol?
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tetrahydrocannabinoids/cannabis
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What does Marinol do?
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controls n/v and increases appetite in cancer and AIDS pts
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What is the major side effect of antiemetics?
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orthostatic hypotension
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What is serotonin syndrome?
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side effects that result from taking SSRIs that will cease after the medication is stopped
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What are the S&S of serotonin syndrome?
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muscle twitches, akathisia, tremors, seizure, and coma
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What is a synergistic effect?
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two drugs given together to make the first drug work better
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What is an additive affect?
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when two drugs with similar actions are given together they enhance each other
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How often should Cr be checked to make sure nephrotoxicity doesn't happen?
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Q3D
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What are the S&S of nepthrotoxicity?
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increase BUN and Cr
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What color does gram positive organisms stain?
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purple
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What color does gram negative organisms stain?
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red
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What is empiric therapy?
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Therapy is started based on the pts S&S before the organism is identified
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What is prophylactic therapy?
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therapy is initiated in order to prevent an infection
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What is bacteriostatic?
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do not destroy the organism but they prevent the growth of it
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What antibiotics are bacteriostatic?
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sulfonamides, macrolides, tetracyclines,
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What is bactericidal?
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kills the organism
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Which antibiotics are bactericidal?
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cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, quinolones
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Which antibiotics treat gram + organisms?
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Vanco, Quinolones, carbapenems, Cephalosporins, PCN,
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Which antibiotics treat gram - organisms?
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Quinolones, Carbapenems, Cephalosporins
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what do sulfonamides treat?
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uncomplicated UTI and URI, prophalyaxis in HIV for opportunistic infections
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When combined with coumadin, what does sulfa drugs cause?
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increase bleeding time
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What are the most common SE of PCN?
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urticaria, pruritis, and angioedema
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If a pt has an allergic reaction to PCN, what other antibiotic will they probably have a reaction to?
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cephalosporins
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What medication should you not take with PCN?
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NSAIDS
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How do you know if a drug is a cephalosporin?
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begin in ceph or cef
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What are carbapenems used for?
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serious infections of the body cavity
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What class of drug is primaxin?
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carbapenems
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Which drugs are macrolides?
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clarithromycin, azithromycin, erythromycin
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What are macrolides used to treat?
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upper and lower respiratory infections
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Which antibiotic is used to treat H Pilori infections?
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clarithromycin
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Tetracyclines shouldn't be given to who and why?
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pregos-causes fetal tooth discoloration
children under age 8-they need Ca |
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What food shouldn't tetracyclines be taken with?
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milk products or antacids
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When is peak drawn?
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30-60 minutes after the infusion has finished
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When is trough drawn?
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30 min before next scheduled dose
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What is the threapeutic goal for trough level of aminoglycosides?
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less than or equal to 1 mcg/ml
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What is the risk with quinolones?
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tendon rupture or dysrhythmias
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What does Linezolid (Zyvox) treat?
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VRE
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What do you need to watch for with Zyvox and an SSRI taking concurrently?
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serotonin syndrome
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What are the SE of Zyvox?
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headache, n/v, diarrhea
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What does metronidazole (Flagyl) treat?
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GI and GU infections
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What pt ed is needed for people on Flagyl?
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NO ALCOHOL!
causes bad vomiting and diarrhea |
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What does Vano treat?
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MRSA
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What pt ed is needed for a pt on vanco?
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at least 2 L a day to prevent nephrotoxicity
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What is the optimal drug levels for vanco?
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Peak: 18-50
Trough: 5-15 |
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What is the shortest amount of time that Vanco can infuse?
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60 minutes
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What is Red Man Syndrome?
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severe flushing of hte face, upper body, and drop in BP if vanco is infused too rapidly
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What do you do for Red Man Syndrome?
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stop the infusion and then slow it down
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What is digoxin given for?
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slow and strengthen the heart (CHF)
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How does Digoxin work?
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Positive inotropic
Negative Chronotropic Negative Dromotropic |
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What are the S&S of Dig toxicity?
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dysrhythmias, colored vision, n/v, diarrhea, headache, yellow halo around lights, "I just don't feel good"
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What is a normal Dig level?
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0.5-2.0
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What is the antidote for Coumadin?
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Vit K
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What is the antidote for Heparin?
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protamine sulfate
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What is coumadin monitored by?
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INR
2-3 |
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What is Heparin monitored by?
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aPTT
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What is Lovenox monitored by?
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CBC for factor Xa
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What is tylenol for?
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mild pain, anti-pyretic,
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What is the max dose of Tylenol?
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4 grams or 4000 mg per 24 hours
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If an OD of Tylenol is suspected, what is done?
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stomach pump and acetylcysteine (Mucomyst)
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Tylenol is hard on what organ?
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liver
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What is dilantin given for?
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epilepsy/seizures
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What is the therapeutic level for Dilantin?
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10-20
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What are commons SE of dilantin?
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lethargy, abnormal movements, mental confusion, cognitive changes, gingival hyperplasia, osteoporosis
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What labs need to be monitored with Dialantin?
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CBC and liver function
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How do Statins work?
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lower blood cholesterol by decreasing the rate of cholesterol production
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What labs need to be monitored for Statins?
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LFTs
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What is the biggest worry with statins?
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Rhabdomyolysis
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What are the SE of statins?
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Gi upset, headache, and rash
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What are the adverse effects of anticholinergics?
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dry mouth, urinary retention, mydriasis (pupil dilation), constipation, smooth muscle relaxation, blurred vision
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What are the neurotransmitters of the SNS?
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epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine (Catecholamines)
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What is the neurotransmitter of the ANS?
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ACTH
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Which drugs are aminoglycosides?
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amikacin, gentamicin, tobramycin
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What do you need to monitor with aminoglycosides?
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ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity
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When should sulfonaureas be taken?
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30 minutes before a meal
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How do sulfonamindes work?
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inhibit organisms that synthesize folic acid
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What do sulfonamides treat?
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UTI and URI
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What does an allergic reaction to a sulfonamide look like?
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hives and welts all over the body (uticaria)
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What is Flagyl typically used to treat?
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C diff
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How do nitrates work?
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dilate all blood vessels
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How should SL nitro be taken for angina?
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at the first sign of chest pain take one, repeat one tab every 5 minutes for a total of no more than 3 tabs, is pain isn't relieved call 911
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What are the SE of BB?
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bradycardia, decreased cardiac output, decreased cardiac contractility, dysrhythmias, may cause hypo/hyperglycemia, constipation,
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What pt ed is needed for BB?
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increase fiber and fluids, change positions slowly, monitor blood sugars very closely, avoid extreme heat
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How do ace inhibitors work?
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prevent sodium and water reabsorption by inhibiting aldosterone
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What are the side effects of Ace inhibitors?
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angioedema, non-productive hacky cough, elevated K+, first dose hypotension,
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What do alpha blockers typically treat?
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BPH
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What pt ed is needed for alpha blockers?
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need to be in bed when they first take them because it causes first does hypotension
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What do ACE inhibitors end in?
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PRIL
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What do CCB end in?
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PINE
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What do ARBS end in?
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Sartan
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What do alpha blockers end in?
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osin
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What effect do corticosteroids have on blood sugar?
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may increase
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What is carafe used for?
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drug ulcers only drug that melts down into mucus that coats the ulcer to prevent further erosion of the ulcer
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What is cytotec given for?
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helps decrease GI upset from NSAIDs
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How does Glucophage work?
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decreases glucose production, decrease absorption of glucose, increase insulin sensitivity
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How fast can you push Lasix?
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1 ml a min
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What are the SE of Lasix?
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orthostatic hypotension, Low K+, increased uric acid and glucose, agranulocytosis
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What is Theophylline used for?
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dilate airways, prevent asthmatic symptoms
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What is protein bound?
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binds to protein to be distributed
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What does it mean to be highly protein bound?
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have a longer duration
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How many half lives to medications typically have?
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5 .
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What is potentiation?
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to increase the effectiveness of; intensify
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What is a culture?
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to grow organisms in a medium
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What is a sensitivity?
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the ability of an organism to respond to a stimulus
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What is the onset and peak of rapid acting insulin?
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Onset: 5-15 min
Peak: 1-2 hours |
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What is the onset and peak of short acting insulin?
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onset: 30-60 min
Peak: 2-4 min |
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What is the onset and peak of intermediate acting insulin?
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Onset: 1-2 hours
Peak: 4-8 hours |
