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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define adverse effects
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unintended and usually undesired effects tha may occur with use of the drug
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Define: Pharmacotherapeutics
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desired, therapeutic effect of a drug
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Define: Pharmacokinetics
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changes that occur to the drug while inside the body
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Define: Pharmacodynamics
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effects of the drug on the body
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Define: Contraindications and precautions
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conditions under which the drug should not be used or must be used carefully with molnitorin
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Define: Drug interactions:
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effects that may occur when the drug is given along with another drug, food or substance
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Define: Health Status
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presence of disease, illness and allerty; chronic conditions causing system organ dysfunction; diminished memory or mental capacity
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Define: Lifespan and gender
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age, physiologic development, reproductive stage and gender
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Define: Lifestyle,m diet and habits
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amount of activity, financial resources; eating preferences and patterns; alcohol/drug use; alternative health practices; literacy
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Define: Environment
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location in which drug therapy will be administered
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Define: Culture and inherited traits
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religous, social and ethnic backgrounds that may affect pt receptiveness to drug therapy. genetic traits that affect drugs pharmo-kinetic/dynamic properties
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Name the facts relevant to Core Drug Knowledge
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Pharmacotherapetuics
Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics Contraindictions and precautions adverse effects drug interactions |
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Describe: Maximize Therapeutic Effects
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-Administer drug in a manner that will promote absorption
-administer drug at the appropriate time to maintain therapeutic effects -monitor lab values when appropriate |
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Describe how to Minimize Adverse Effects
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-verify pt allergies before administration
-administer drug in a manner consistent with standard safety protocols -monitor patient and lab findings -D/C or withholod if lab findings warrant -report evidence of adverse effects -modify administration techniques when appropriate -implement appropriate techniques for certain drugs to detect onset of adverse effects |
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Define: Drug Response
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anticipated therapeutic and adverse effects
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List the Core Patient Variables
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Health status
lifespan and gender lifestyle, diet and habits environment culture and inherited traits |
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What are Core Patient Variables?
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features that make a patient unique at any given time
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Define: Pharmacogenetics
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study of how genetic variables affect the pharmacodynamics of a drug in a specific patient
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Define: Pharmacogenomics
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application of the "omics" technology for the prediction of the sensitivity or resistance of an individual patient's disease to a specific drug or group of drugs
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What does the United States Adopted Names Council do?
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assigns official name to each drug
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What publications list the drugs in the US
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United States Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary
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Define: Drug classifications
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systematic organization of drugs into a reasonable number of drug groups
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Name three ways drugs can be classified
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chemical composition
physiologic effects therapeutic uses or actions |
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What did the Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act of 1938 do?
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allowed for the monitoring and controlling of drug manufacturing and marketing to prohibit the marketing of unsafe drugs
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Why was the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 enacted?
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becauseof relebations of unsanitaryaunethical practices in meatpacking and potent and dangerous drugs on the market. Allowed for government enforcement of these standards
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What do pre-clinical trials do?
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provide basic safetu. bioavailability,pharmacokinetic and initial efficacy data about the drug and carried out in lab animals. 3 1/2 yrs
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What is the placebo response?
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response to a "placebo" in a drug trial.
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What does the Chemical Name of a drug include?
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precisely describes the drug's atomic and molecular structure using exact chemical chamical nomenclature and terminology
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What does the Generic Name of a drug include?
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aka nonproprietary name. Identifiesthe drug's active ingredient. Less complicated than chemical name. First letter not capitalized
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What does the Trade Name of a drug include?
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aka brand or properitary name. given to drug the the mfg. First letter capitalized
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What does the Drug enforcement Administration do?
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Regulatory body responsible for the safe districtuion and control of potentially addictive drugs. Categorized drugs on a scale of I-V. Controlled substances
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What is the responsibiility of the FDA?
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guarantee safety, purity, effectiveness and reliability of drugs sold in the US. Aims to prevent mfg from promotiong off-label or unlabeled use of drugs
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Describe Category I drugs
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High abuse potential
sever dependence liability heroin, LSD< GHB no accepted medical use restricted to research requries specific type of rx telephone orders not allowed refill requires new Rx |
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Describe Catergory II Drugs
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High abuse potential
sever dependence liability amphetamines, some opiod narcotics, barbituitates no medical use research only specific type of Rx phone orders not accepted refill requires new Rx |
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Describe Category III Drugs
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moderate for abuse potential
moderate for dependence liability some opiod narcotics (codeine), some CNS stimulants written or telephone order refill 5x with in 6 months Rx must be rewritten after 6 mo |
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Describe Category IV drugs
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low abuse potential
limited dependence liability anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants and sedatives written or telephone order refill 5x with in 6 months Rx must be rewritten after 6 mo |
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Describe Category V Drugs
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limited abuse potential
lowest dependence liability antidiarrheal, small amounts of narcotics used as antitussives many be obtained w/o Rx |
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What are the procedures for documenting controlled substances?
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date and time of administration
drug name and dose patient name prescribers name administering nurse's name |
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Name the three basic route for medication administration
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enteral (GI Tract)
parenteral (IM< IV< SQ< Topical - skin or mucous membranes |
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Define Local effect
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effect drugs exerts at site of administration (usually topically)
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Define Systemic drugs
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drugs absorbed by the skin and districtued throughout the body systems
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Define: Tablet
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solid dosage form
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Define: Enteric coating
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wax-like layer used on some tablets to resist acidic envrionment of stomach.
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Define Sustained release
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formulated to release slowly over extended period of time
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What is a Troches
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a lozenge
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What are capsules?
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Drug in shell of hard or soft gelatin
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Define Syrup
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concentrated solujtion of sugar resistant to molds, yeasts and other microorganisms
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Name the five patient rights
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right patient
right drug right time right dose right route (documentation) |
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What is an intradermal injection?
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made into dermis just below the epidermis. Local anestheria, allergy testing and TB test
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What is an intra-articular injection?
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injected into a joint by skilled practitioner (cortiosteroids)
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Define: Pharmacotherapeutics
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achievement of desired therapeutic goal from the drug therapy (purpose)
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Define Pharmacokinetics
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movement of drug particles inside the body and process that occur during this movement
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Define Absorption
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movement of the drug from site of admin. into the blood stream
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Define: Distribution
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movement of the drug through the bloodstream, into the tissues and to the cells
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Define: Metabolism
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concresion of the drug into another substance
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Define: Pharmacotherapeutics
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achievement of desired therapeutic goal from the drug therapy (purpose)
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Define: Excretion
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removal of the drug or what drug became after metabolism, from the body
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Define Pharmacokinetics
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movement of drug particles inside the body and process that occur during this movement
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Define Blood-Brain Barrier
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structure that prevents toxins and poisons from reaching the brain.
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Define Absorption
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movement of the drug from site of admin. into the blood stream
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Define: Biotransformation
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drugs are changed from original form to a new form
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Define: Distribution
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movement of the drug through the bloodstream, into the tissues and to the cells
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What is a prodrug?
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drugs that are inactive until metabolized into an active form
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Define: Metabolism
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concresion of the drug into another substance
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What is the P450 system?
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system of a combination of several tyupes of cytochromes. Only three (CYP1, CYP2, and CYP#) are involved in drug metabolism.
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Define: Excretion
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removal of the drug or what drug became after metabolism, from the body
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Define Blood-Brain Barrier
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structure that prevents toxins and poisons from reaching the brain.
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Define: Biotransformation
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drugs are changed from original form to a new form
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What is a prodrug?
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drugs that are inactive until metabolized into an active form
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What is the P450 system?
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system of a combination of several tyupes of cytochromes. Only three (CYP1, CYP2, and CYP#) are involved in drug metabolism.
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Define Half-life
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amount of time that is required to remove half of the blood concentration of the drug
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Define Steady State
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a point at which the amount of drug being administered and amount being eliminated balance off.
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Define: Clearance
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pharmacokinetic factors working together to affect the rate at which the drug molecules disappear from the circulatory system
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Define: Pharmacodynamics
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biological, chemical and physiologic actions of a drug within the body and how those actions occur. (how the drug affects the body)
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Define: Receptors
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site on cells where drugs creat their effects on the body by attaching to these special sites
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Define: Agonist
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drugs that when are attached to a receptor, can stimulate the cell to act
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Define: Antagonist
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durgs that when attached to a receptor prevent something else from attaching and causing an effect.
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Define: Affinity
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strength of attraction
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Define: Intrinsic activity
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fa drug's ability to stimulate its receptor
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Define: Potency
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amount of a drug tha tmust be given inorder to produce a particular effect
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Define: Efficacy
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how well a drug produced its desired effect
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Define: Maintenance Dose
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dose administered consistenelty over time.
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Define: Loading dose
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initial dose. Immediate and fulldrug effect inorder to maintain health or life. Over one half-life, over half the dose is still available
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Define Therapetuic Index
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relation of ED to LD
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Which system does an allergic response efect?
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immune system
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What is anaphalyxis
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most serious allergic response. ARD, hypotension, edema, rash, tachycardia, cyanosis, pale cool skin.
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Idiosyncratic responses
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opposiet of what is anticipated. (Paradoxical effects)
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Give examples of neurotoxicity
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drowsiness, auditorya nd visual dsiturbances, restlessness, nystagmus, tonic-clonic seizures. Largely irreversible
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Give examples of hepatotoxicity
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hepatitis, jaundice, elevated liver enzumes, fatty infiltration of liver
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Give examples of nephrotoxicity
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decreased urinary output, elevated BUN, increased creatinine, altered acid-base and electrolyte balances
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Give examples of ototoxicity
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damage to eighth cranial nerve
may or may not be reversible tinnitus, sensorineural hearing loss, light-headednbess, vertigo, spinning sensation, nausea and vomiting |
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Give examples of cardiotoxocity
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irregular cardiac rhythms, heart failure, damage to myocardium
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Give examples of immunitoxicity
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immunosuppression, destroy immune system components
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What is an "additive effect"
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when two or more liek drugs are combined and the result is the sum of the drugs effects
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What is a synergistic effect
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when two or more unlike drugs are used together to produce a combined effect and the outcome is a drug effect greater than either of the two alone
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What is potentiation?
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an interaction in which the effect of only one drug is increased
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What is an antagonistic drug interaction
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results in a therapeutic effect that is less than the effect of either drug alone because the second drug either diminishes or cancels the effects of the first drug
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What are nursing responsibilities in reference to medication
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ensure beneficial outcome
maximize therapeutic effects minimize adverse effects and drug interactions provide appropriate education |
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What must the nurse evaluate before administering drugs
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Core Patient Variables
Patient health lifespan and gender lifestyle, diet and habits envrionment culture and interited traits |
