Pharm Exam 2 Must Make A

Front 1

Epidermis (Top Skin)

Back 1

- Top most skin
- Has no blood supply

- Thickness varies

- Eyelids epidermis is 0.05mm (thin skin)

- Palms and Soles epidermis ia 1-5 mm (thick skin)

Front 2

Four different kinds of cell in Epidermis?

Back 2

- Keratinocytes – Keratin – main cells

- Melonocytes – Melanin

- Langerhans cells – immune response

- Merkel cells – sensory cells

Front 3

In Epidermis- what is Stratum corneum?

Back 3

Dead cells, constant shedding

Front 4

The Dermis

Back 4

- Immediately below epidermis

- Thicker than epidermis, thickness varies

- In Eyelids – 0.6mm

- In Palms and Soles – 3mm or more

Front 5

The Dermis Has 2 different kinds of fibers??

Back 5

- Collagen – 70%, Gives strength and toughness to skin

- Elastin – provides elasticity to skin

Front 6

All part of the dermis include?

Back 6

- Has blood supply/lymph vessels
Sweat Glands

- Sebaceous glands

- Hair follicles

- Nerves/Sensory receptors

- Defense cells

Front 7

The Hypodermis

Back 7

Also called the subcutaneous layer
Deepest layer in the skin
Not present in all parts of body
Missing on the eyelids
Up to 3 cm thick on the abdomen
Provides with smoothness to the body.

Front 8

Function of the skin - - Protective barrier

Back 8

- Prevents dehydration

- Prevents infection

- Physical barrier to injury

- Protects against UV injury

Front 9

Function of the skin -- Temperature regulator

Back 9

-- Heat conservation
** Insulation (hair and fat)
** Decreased blood flow

--Heat loss
** Sweating
** Increase blood flow

Front 10

Function of the skin -Waste disposal system

Back 10

--Excretes urine like wastes
** Water
** Salt
** Some urea

Front 11

Function of the skin -- Sensation mediator

Back 11

Largest sensory organ in the body

Front 12

Function of the skin - Metabolic Function

Back 12

- Energy storage of triglycerides in fat

- Vitamin D production

Front 13

List characteristics of Eccrine Glands

Back 13

1. True Sweat Glands

2. Found all over the body

3. 2 – 5 million present

4. Function from birth

5. Excrete water,salt urea

6. Odorless

7. Thermal & CNS control

Front 14

List characteristics of Apocrine Glands

Back 14

1. Special Sweat Glands

2. Found in armpits, pubic region

3. 2000 present

4. Function from puberty

5. Excrete milky, organic material

6. Body Odor

7. CNS control

Front 15

Where does the body odor come from?
A. Chemical Oxidation

Back 15

Fats ----> Fatty Acid ----> Volatile
organic acids

Protein -----> Ammonia + Hydrogen sulfide

Front 16

Where does the body odor come from?
B. Microbial Oxidation

Back 16

Sweat ---->Oxidation (--Oxygen --Bacteria) ----> Odoriferous Substances

Front 17

List characteristics of Deodorants

Back 17

--Do not prevent sweating.

-- Mask smell by Fragrance and Bacteriostatic agents

Front 18

List characteristics of Antiperspirants

Back 18

Reduce sweating by Blocking pores --> (Aluminum, Zirconium) AND Contracting pores ---> (Aluminum, Zirconium
(Astringent))

Front 19

Bacteriostatic Agents: What is Triclosan

Back 19

Active against gram + and gram – bacteria.

Present in body washes, soaps, toothpastes

Front 20

Bacteriostatic Agents: What is Triclocarban (TCC)

Back 20

Active against gram + bacteria.

Found in soaps

Front 21

List characteristics of Astringents

Back 21

Aluminum salts:
Aluminum chlorohydrate
Aluminum sesquichlorohydrate
Aluminum chloride, Aluminum sulfate

Zirconium salt (combination):
Aluminum Zirconium trichlorohydrex

Front 22

Blackheads

Back 22

Non Inflammatory Acne with Open Comedone

Front 23

Whiteheads

Back 23

Non Inflammatory Acne with Closed Comedones

Front 24

Inflammatory Acne
Papules

Back 24

(5 mm),

red solid lesions

longer to resolve

mild scarring

Front 25

Inflammatory Acne
Pustule

Back 25

pus,

resolves in days

moderate scarring

Front 26

Inflammatory Acne
Nodules

Back 26

5-10 mm

most severe form

severe scarring

Front 27

Factors Involving acne?

Back 27

Hormone changes

Bacteria (Propionibacterium acnes)

Genetic

Front 28

Provocative Factors for acne include?

Back 28

Diet and drugs

Cosmetics – Oil based Products

Tight Clothes – Headbands

Hot & Humid Climate = Acne

Front 29

Therapeutic treatment of Acne?

Back 29

Benzociane - Local Anesthetic which relieves soreness and burning

Front 30

Therapeutic treatment of Acne to Hide or conceal?

Back 30

Cosmetics to cover up blemishes
Zinc oxide, titanium dioxide

Front 31

Therapeutic treatment of Acne to control?

Back 31

Remove excess sebum
Soap and water – 3 times a day
Detergents
Alcohol (10-60%)

Front 32

Characteristics of Irritant Contact Dermatitis?

Back 32

1. Non-Immunological

2. Immediate contact

3. Chemicals, Soaps, detergents, latex

4. Can occur on first exposure

5. Reaction occurs at site of contact

6. 80% patients

Front 33

Characteristics of Allergic Contact Dermatitis?

Back 33

1. Immunological

2. Develops 24-48 hours

3. Poison ivy, nickel, fragrances, cosmetics, hair dyes

4. Prior sensitization

5. Reaction can occur anywhere

6. 20% patients

Front 34

Photosensitivity Reactions - Phototoxicity

Back 34

-- Common

Chemical from sun absorbed to skin creates Irritant Contact Dermatitis

Front 35

Photosensitivity Reactions - Photoallergy

Back 35

-- Uncommon

Chemical + proteins from sun absorbed to skin creates Allergic Contact Dermatitis

Front 36

Characteristics of Dandruff

Back 36

- Accelerated keratinization process

- Relatively stable

- Localized

- Role of FUNGUS

Front 37

Characteristics of seborrhea (VS dandruff)

Back 37

- Extends beyond scalp

- Accelerated keratinization

- Inflammatory condition

Front 38

Characteristics of psoriasis

Back 38

- Scaling of scalp, elbows, knees,
fingernails, lower back, genitoanal (silvery scales with underlying lesions)

- Genetic predisposition / immune system

Front 39

What are Cytostatic agents?

Back 39

reduce the rate of cell growth – decrease the rate of keratinization

Chemical name: Selenium Sulfide
AND Pyrithione Zinc

Front 40

What are Keratolytic Agents?

Back 40

Remove Keratin

Chemical name: Sulfur AND Salicylic Acid

Front 41

What is Surface Active Agent? and 3 different kinds?

Back 41

breaks down the surface tension allowing Oil to dissolve in the Water

Anionic - (negative)
Cationic - (positive)
Amphoteric - (positive & negative)

Front 42

Characteristics of Intrinsic Aging

Back 42

- Normal, genes involved, can not control

- Young skin – epidermis translucent, retains water

- Old Skin –epidermis less translucent, does not retain water

- Old Skin – dermis thickness decreases, number of sweat and sebaceous glands reduced, fat reduced

Front 43

Characteristics of Extrinsic Aging

Back 43

- We have control over this

- Sun – Damages the skin

Front 44

Acute and Chronic conditions?

Back 44

Sunburn is Acute condition and Actinic/Solar Keratosis is Chronic condition.
Skin Cancer is Chronic condition

Front 45

Different types of Skin Cancer (Chronic condition)

Back 45

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Raised pink opaque patches)


Malignant melanoma (Black mole cancer)

Front 46

types of Skin Cancer – Risk Factors

Back 46

Fair Skin

UV radiation Sun/tanning booths

Location

Front 47

Characteristics of UVA Radiation

Back 47

Relatively low energy

Deep penetration into dermis

Darkening of pigment in skin

Photosensitivity

Photoaging

DISEASE: Basal cell carcinoma

**Dangerous in high doses**

Front 48

Characteristics of UVB Radiation

Back 48

- High energy

- Penetration into epidermis

- Leads to melanogenesis

- Stimulates Vitamin D production

- Associated with skin burn

- DISEASE: malignant melanomas

Front 49

Characteristics of UVC Radiation

Back 49

- Very high energy (fatal)

- Reacts with chemicals in the Stratosphere (Ozone)

Front 50

Factors affecting amount of UV radiation reaching the earth surface on a given day

Back 50

Latitude

Altitude

Transmission/reflection

Clouds

Sun Elevation

Ozone

Front 51

Reflecting sunscreen (Physical sunscreen)

Back 51

Zinc oxide
Titanium dioxide

Front 52

List of UVB Absorbent Sunscreens

Back 52

Esters of Para-aminobenzoic acid
Octylparadimethylaminobenzoate (λmax 310)

Esters of Cinnamic acid
Octyl paramethoxycinnamate (λmax 308-310) (Ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate)

Benzophenones
Oxybenzone (λmax 290)

Esters of Salicylic acid
Octylsalicylate (Octisalate) (λmax 306)
Homomenthylsalicylate (Homosalate)

Front 53

List of UVA Absorbent Sunscreens

Back 53

- Dibenzoylmethane
** Avobenzone (λ max = 360 nM)
(Usually combined with: Padimate, Oxybenzone, Methoxy cinnamate)

Front 54

What is SPF?

Back 54

Sun Protection Factor (SPF) Measures UVB effectiveness.

Time for erythema with the product DIVIDE BY Time for erythema without the product

Front 55

Macronutrients consist of?

Back 55

Carbohydrates (45-60%)

Proteins (10-30%)

Fats (20-30%)

Front 56

Micronutrients consist of?

Back 56

Vitamins

Minerals

Front 57

Monosaccharides

Back 57

Absorption - Exogenous

Front 58

Monosaccharides

Back 58

Storage - Endogenous

Front 59

What are the various energy needs for the body

Back 59

Carbohydrates (top priority)

Fats (2nd Priority)

Protein (3rd Priority)

Front 60

what factors decide your basal metabolic rate

Back 60

Weight in kg ( 1 kg = 2.2 lbs)

Height in cm ( 1 in = 2.54 cm)

Age in years

Front 61

What is abdominal obesity?

Back 61

Excessive fat in the abdomen is an independent predictor of risk and morbidity (related to diabetes, hypertension, CVD, and dyslipidemia).

Front 62

How to calculate BMI?

Back 62

703 X Patients Wt(lbs) DIVIDE BY (Height in inches)^2

Front 63

Over the counter drugs for Obesity

Back 63

Orlistat (Alli)
One half strength of prescription drug Xenical

Front 64

Surgery for Obesity?

Back 64

Vertical Banded Gastroplasty
AND
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Front 65

Anorexia nervosa – Eating Disorders

Back 65

Usually affects female.

Anorexics – starves them self

Anorexia affects the whole body

Brain – can’t think right, mood swings

Heart – low blood pressure

Intestines – constipation

Hormones - Amenorrhea

Front 66

Bulimia nervosa – Eating Disorders

Back 66

Serious physical consequences

Vomiting, diarrhea – electrolyte imbalances – abnormal heart rhythm.

Vomiting – erosion of the food pipe, teeth damage – dental caries

Front 67

recommended food intake - GRAINS

Back 67

6 Ounces of grains

1 ounce = 1 slice of bread

At least 3 ounces from whole grains – brown bread, brown rice

Look for the “whole” before the grain of the ingredients

Front 68

recommended food intake - VEGETABLES

Back 68

2.5 Cups a day

Add color in your diet

Eat more dark green veggies, orange veggies, dry beans & peas

Front 69

recommended food intake - FRUITS

Back 69

2 Cups a day

Add variety

fresh, frozen or dried

Front 70

recommended food intake - OILS

Back 70

5-6 tea spoons /day

Most from fish, nuts, vegetable oils

Some oils –good source of fatty acids

Front 71

recommended food intake - MILK, YOGURT AND CHEESE

Back 71

3 cups /day
Go low fat or fat free
Calcium rich food

Front 72

recommended food intake - MEATS AND BEANS

Back 72

5 ½ oz

Choose low fat or lean meats and poultry

Bake it, broil it, grill it

Front 73

Discretionary Calories

Back 73

2000 calorie based diet – 267 calories – discretionary calories

“Luxury calories”

Inactive people – NO luxury calories

Front 74

Empty Calories

Back 74

Empty Calories = High Calories Low Nutrition

Candy, Soft drinks

White bread, white rice

French fries, fried chicken

Beer, wine and alcoholic beverages

Front 75

characteristics of simple Carbohydrates

Back 75

-- Monosaccharide:
** Glucose
** Fructose
** Galactose

-- Disaccharide:
** Maltose (glucose + glucose)
** Sucrose (glucose + fructose)
** Lactose (glucose + galactose)

Front 76

characteristics of Complex Carbohydrates

Back 76

Polysaccharides (3 – zillion sugar units)
Such as Starch AND Glycogen

Front 77

characteristics of Dietary Fiber

Back 77

Is a polysaccharide
Can not be digested by the body
No calories

Insoluble fiber : Whole grains, fruits, veggies, Laxative

Soluble fiber: Apples, Oats
Lowers Cholesterol

Front 78

Dietary recommended for Carbohydrates

Back 78

Daily recommendations ( 45-60%)
Minimum of 100 - 150 g/day

Front 79

What is GRAS List?

Back 79

Chemicals that are Generally Recognized As Safe

Front 80

What is Delaney clause?

Back 80

found in the 1958 FD&C Act

"No additive shall be deemed safe if it is found, after tests which are appropriate for the evaluation of food additives, to induce cancer in man or animals."

Front 81

Characteristics of Saccharin

Back 81

300X sucrose in sweetness

Zero calories

Bitter after-taste

Unstable to heat

Safety? (Bladder cancer in mice)

Front 82

Characteristics of Aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet)

Back 82

(Aspartic acid + Phenylalanine)

200X sucrose in sweetness

0.1 Cal/dose

Unstable on prolonged heating

Potential problem for PKU patients

Front 83

Characteristics of Acesulfame (Sunette)

Back 83

200X sucrose in sweetness

Heat stable

Inexpensive to manufacture

Front 84

Characteristics of Sucralose (Splenda)

Back 84

320 - 1000X sucrose in sweetness

No after-taste

No calories

It is absorbed but not metabolized

Stable to heat-used in cooking and baking

Front 85

Characteristics of Neotame

Back 85

10,000X sucrose in sweetness

Stable to heat-used in cooking and baking

Front 86

Unintentional food additive Acrylamide

Back 86

- appears in food which are prepared by frying.
** Neurotoxin
** Rat carcinogen (possible human carcinogen)

come from high temperature frying of starchy foods
(i.e. French fries)

Front 87

1. Different forms of fats and role of fats.

Back 87

triglycerides, phospholipids, cholesterol

Energy source

-Insulation

-Carbon source for synthesis of cholesterol & other steroids, absorption of fat soluble vitamins

Front 88

Source of essential fatty acids

Back 88

linoleic & linolenic acids

Front 89

characteristics of saturated fats, unsaturated fats (poly and mono) and trans fats,

Back 89

Polyunsaturated fats (corn oil)
Monounsaturated fats (olive oil). Poly and mono = unsaturated

Saturated fats (lard, butter, animal fat, coconut oil, palm oil)

Trans fats (Cookies, margarine, cakes crackers and bread)

Front 90

What is LDL

Back 90

Bad cholesterol
Keep low

Front 91

What is HDL

Back 91

Good cholesterol
Keep high

Front 92

What are different fat substitutes

Back 92

Skimmed milk - ~0 g fat; 34 Cal
(Cow’s milk: 3.7 g fat; 64 Cal)
(Ice cream: Fat 19 gm; 97 mg cholesterol; 274 Cal)

Olestra - 0 g fat; Low calorie content: 70 Cal (Potato chips: Fat 10 gm; 160 Cal)

Z-Trim (Z = zero Cal): Hulls of seeds forms a gel similar to vegetable oil

Oatrim: soluble oat fiber

Front 93

Olestra

Back 93

Looks and tastes like fat

Zero calories (can not be digested)

Heat stable

Toxicology – loose stools, removes fat soluble nutrients

Front 94

Fat Soluble vitamins?

Back 94

Vitamin A (Retinol, Retinal, Carotene)

Vitamin D (Sunshine Vitamin)

Vitamin E (Tocopherols)

Vitamin K

Front 95

Water Soluble vitamins?

Back 95

B Complex

Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)

Front 96

Primary deficiencies:

Back 96

Inadequate diet because of lack of food

Inadequate diet because of poor use of food (Ex. Food faddism, dieting**)

Front 97

Secondary deficiencies:

Back 97

Poor health/chronic disease

“Abnormal” body demand

Use of drugs

Front 98

Vitamin A characteristics

Back 98

Preformed Vitamin A (retinoids):
Animal sources – liver, milk, eggs, butter

Pro Vitamin A (Carotenoids):
Vegetable sources dark green, bright yellow fruits/vegetables

Health of rods.

Health of cornea

Deficiency – Night blindness – rods
Blindness (xerophthalmia) – cornea and rods

Front 99

Vitamin D Characteristics

Back 99

Deficiency- Rickets (child) AND Osteomalacia (adults)

Found in egg yolks, dairy products, & fish

Function: Absorption/Mobilization of Calcium

Front 100

Vitamin E Characteristics

Back 100

- Found in cereals, nuts, unsaturated oils, leafy green and yellow vegetables, milk, meats, butter.

Function: Unknown!!

Claims: Wound healing without scarring. Slow down aging. Protect against cancer. Increase physical performance. Prevent heart disease

Front 101

Vitamin B1/Thiamine Characteristics

Back 101

Sources – whole grains, pork.

Function: Energy metabolism
Nerve and Muscle cells

Deficiency: “Beriberi” – damage to nervous system, as well as to heart and other muscles

Front 102

Vitamin B3/Niacin Characteristics

Back 102

Sources – foods high in protein

Function: Energy metabolism,
For healthy skin, nerves, GI tract

Deficiency: “Pellagra” – diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia (three D’s) -> leads to death

Front 103

Vitamin B6/Pyridoxine Characteristics

Back 103

Sources – meats, fish, potatoes, fruits, vegetables

Function: Amino acid metabolism, production of serotonin

Deficiency: Low serotonin - depression

Front 104

Folate/Folic Acid Characteristics

Back 104

Sources – dark green vegetables.

Function: Production and maintenance of new cells

Deficiency: In pregnancy – neural birth defects

Front 105

Sodium Characteristics

Back 105

Sources: Salt (table, kosher, sea) Processed food

Function: Helps maintain the right balance of fluid
Transmits nerve impulse
Muscle contraction and relaxation

Excess sodium: Increase blood pressure AND DAMAGED KIDNEYS

Front 106

Define Nutraceuticals

Back 106

a dietary supplement, food, or medical food that possess health benefits and is safe for human consumption.

Front 107

Define Functional foods

Back 107

products that are conveyed in a conventional food format and have health benefits

Front 108

Define Organic foods

Back 108

USDA certified organic - food with at least 95% organic content.

Made with organic ingredients - foods with 50-95% organic content.

Front 109

What is Nutrition Labeling and
Education Act of 1990 (NLEA)

Back 109

Allows for the approval of health claims which link a food or food component to a reduced risk of a specific disease.

Front 110

Characteristics of Polyphenols and flavonoids

Back 110

Sources: Fruits, vegetables, nuts, tea, wine – antioxidant activity

Prevent oxidation of LDL

“French Paradox”

French consume – 105 g fat/ day. Americans consume – 72 g fat/day

Front 111

Characteristics of Nuts

Back 111

Mainly fats – but the good fats.

Two important role
1. Reduce LDL (Bad cholesterol)
2. Antioxidant

Reduces risk of coronary heart disease

Front 112

Characteristics of Soy isoflavones

Back 112

Protein from soy bean and its products – soy milk, tofu.

25 g / day – reduces chances of heart disease (FDA approved)

May reduce chances of breast and prostate cancer (not FDA approved)

Front 113

Characteristics of Carotenoids

Back 113

Responsible for giving plants colors.

Two important role
1. Vitamin A
2. Antioxidant

Protection against cancer, cataracts, macular degeneration

Front 114

Characteristics of Probiotics

Back 114

Found in fermented milk products (live bacteria). (GOOD BACTERIA)

Important role – health of intestines

Protection against bad bacteria, help in absorption of nutrients

Front 115

What is Dietary supplemental Health & Education Act 1994 (DSHEA)

Back 115

Allows companies to introduce dietary supplements (herbs
& phytomedicinals) without FDA approval provided that "there is a history of use or other evidence establishing safety".

Make "general" claims but NOT "specific" claims

Front 116

What is The Animal Disease Risk Assessment, Prevention and Control Act of 2001

Back 116

Legislation to deal with animal products.
Protect food and feed supplies which ultimately may become products such as dietary supplements.

Front 117

Info about Sam-e (S-Adenosylmethionine):

Back 117

Claims: Relieve depression
Relieve arthritis
Fight liver problems

Might cause strokes & heart attacks

Front 118

Info about Glucosamine+chondroitin

Back 118

Claim:
Helps rebuild joints damaged by osteoarthritis (OA)

Concern:
Standards of purity of the chondroitin and glucosamine!

Front 119

info about St. John's Wort

Back 119

obtained from the dried flower

Physiological effect: Antidepressant (0.9 mg hypericin)

Side effects: GI irritation
Allergic reaction (Photodermatitis)
Possible drug-herb interactions

Front 120

Info about Ginkgo

Back 120

Physiological effect: Increased peripheral and cerebral blood flow (vasodilation)

Claimed effects: Improved memory and attention
Improved cognitive functions

Side effects: GI irritation
Allergic reaction

Front 121

Info about Ginseng

Back 121

Claimed effects: Aphrodisiac and tonic effect
Combat fatigue (improves stamina)

Side effects: Hypertension
Nervousness

Front 122

Info about Garlic

Back 122

Physiological effects: Antibacterial
Blocks the liver from making too much cholesterol

Side effects: GI discomfort
Allergic reactions

Front 123

Info about Echinacea

Back 123

Physiological effects: Stimulate immune system

Claimed effects: Treat and prevent the common cold
Decrease the severity and duration of the cold

Side effects: Allergic reactions

Front 124

Info about Saw Palmetto

Back 124

Physiological effects: Antiandrogenic (antitestosterone) effects

Claimed effects: Treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

Side effects: GI complains
Not seeking medical attention!!!!!

Front 125

Homeopathy Principles

Back 125

Law of Similars- the medication used should produce symptoms similar to what the patient suffers from.

Law of Infinitesimals- the more diluted the medication the stronger the action.

Process of Succession- rubbing or shaking medication releases
or potentates the medication - "Release healing forces"

Front 126

Modern medicine VS. Homeopathy

Back 126

Modern medicine:
Dose response curve
Controlled scientific studies

Homeopathy:
Opposite effect
No scientific studies