Pharm Exam 2 - Introduction To Autonomic Pharmacology

Front 1

highest control over the ANS

Back 1

hypothalamus
regulates complex integration of multiple systems

Front 2

cerebral cortex and limbic system influence....

Back 2

hypothalamus and brainstem directly or indirectly

Front 3

somatic nervous system is a ____ ganglion system and ANS is a ____ ganglion system

Back 3

one; two

Front 4

SNS: synapses at ____
ANS: synapses at ____

Back 4

neuromuscular junction
target organ

Front 5

SNS has ____ type of transmitter and receptor
ANS has ____ type of transmitter and receptor

Back 5

one
multiple

Front 6

Parasympathetic Autonomic Nervous System properties

Back 6

rest and digest, neurons originate in the brainstem/sacral spinal cord, long preganglionic/short postganglionic, very specific responses to innervation, innervates viscera of organs

targets: GI, heart, eye, genitalia, excretory organs, exocrine glands

Front 7

Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System properties

Back 7

fight or flight, energy consuming, neurons originate in T-spine, short preganglionic/long postganglionic, one neuron innervates many cells, selective responses, activation or inhibition of organ

targets: cardiovascular system, metabolic organs, lungs, smooth muscles, some glands (sweat)

Front 8

Which ANS: decrease heart rate

Back 8

PANS

Front 9

Which ANS: increases GI peristalsis

Back 9

PANS

Front 10

Which ANS: stimulates urination and defecation

Back 10

PANS

Front 11

Which ANS: increases glandular secretions

Back 11

PANS (ex salivation, lacrimation)

Front 12

Which ANS: constricts pupils and accommodates

Back 12

PANS

Front 13

Which ANS: contracts smooth muscles and bronchioles

Back 13

PANS

Front 14

Which ANS: increases heart rate, respiration, blood pressure

Back 14

SANS

Front 15

Which ANS: increase blood supply to heart, lungs, brain

Back 15

SANS

Front 16

Which ANS: reduces blood supply to viscera

Back 16

SANS

Front 17

Which ANS: bronchodilates

Back 17

SANS

Front 18

Which ANS: dilates the pupil

Back 18

SANS

Front 19

Which ANS: regulates glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis

Back 19

SANS

Front 20

Which ANS: secretes renin

Back 20

SANS

Front 21

Sweat glands

Back 21

anatomically sympathetic, stimulated by ACh at axonal terminal (cholinergic)

Front 22

chromaffin cells

Back 22

preganglionic sympathetic cells in adrenal medulla, innvervated by ACh, release EPI/NE into blood stream

Front 23

Acetylcholine

Back 23

cholinergic neuro transmitter. released into synaptic cleft, broken down by acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Front 24

botulinum toxin

Back 24

blocks exocytosis of ACh by cleaving SNARE proteins

Front 25

ACh Synthesis

Back 25

uptake of choline into axon terminal by Na+ and carrier protein (RATE LIMITING STEP), acetyl CoA + choline -> ACh, CoA, H2O

Front 26

ACh Storage

Back 26

ACh Vesicular Uptake, transported by VAT (carrier protein)

Front 27

ACh Release

Back 27

Vesicle Fusion, action potential opens Ca2+ channels which mediates fusion of vesicle to membrane, SNARE/VAMP/SNAP proteins mediate fusion/exocytosis

Front 28

hemicholinium

Back 28

inhibits ACh synthesis

Front 29

vesamicol

Back 29

depletes ACh stores in vesicles

Front 30

ACh termination/degradation

Back 30

ACh terminated by AChE (indirct cholinergic agonist), choline is recycled

Front 31

Postsynaptic effects of ACh

Back 31

ACh binds to muscarinic/nicotinic receptors, mimcs effects of muscarine and nicotine

Front 32

Dopamine (DA)

Back 32

main trasmitter of extrapyramidal system

Front 33

Norepinephrine (NE)

Back 33

or noradrenaline, released from most postganglionic sympathetic neurons and CNS

Front 34

Epinephrine (EPI)

Back 34

or adrenaline, major hormone released from adrenal medula

Front 35

Adrenergic neurotransmitter synthesis (endogenous catacholamines)

Back 35

Tyrosine -> DOPA -> DA -> NE -> EPI

Front 36

NE synthesis/storage

Back 36

uptake of tyrosine, converted to DOPA by tyrosine hydroxylase (RATE LIMITING), DOPA -> DA by DOPA decarboxylase, DA transported to vesicle, DA -> NE by dopamine β-hydroxylase

Front 37

Metyrosine

Back 37

blocks catacholamine synthesis by inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase

Front 38

Reserpine

Back 38

blocks transportation of DA to vesicles

Front 39

NE release

Back 39

ACh binds to nicotinic neuronal receptors and elicits AP, Ca2+ channels trigger exocytosis + ATP/peptides

Front 40

Amphetamines/tyramine

Back 40

displace NE from vesicle and cause release

Front 41

guanethidine/guanadrel

Back 41

block release of NE

Front 42

NE Termination/Degradation

Back 42

terminated primarily by reuptake into terminal by NE transporter (NET, Uptake-1), stored in vesicles

Front 43

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Back 43

metabolizes DA and NE in cytoplasm

Front 44

cocaine/tricyclic antidepressants

Back 44

inhibit Uptake-1, increase effects of NE in synaptic cleft

Front 45

Epinephrine synthesis

Back 45

synthesized in chromaffin cells, specifc chromaffin cell type contains phenylethylanomine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), NE -> EPI by PNMT, corticosteroids increase synthesis of PNMT (ex: stress)

Front 46

Autoreceptors

Back 46

presynaptic receptors that respond to neurotransmitters to modify its own synthesis and release

ex: ACh binds to M2/M4 receptors and inhibit ACh release

Front 47

Heteroreceptors

Back 47

presynaptic receptors that respond to neurotransmitters released by adjacent cells, integrates two systems

ex: parasymp postgang cholinergic receptors have α2 receptors activated by NE that inhibit ACh release and the effects of PANS

Front 48

Cardiovascular autonomic reflex

Back 48

baroreceptor reflex: stretch/baroceptor receptors in walls of major arteries respond to blood pressure; increased stretch=increased BP, signal to brainstem inhibit SANS and stimulate PANS

Front 49

GI autonomic reflex

Back 49

full colon stimulates stretch receptors, impulses to spinal cord, PANS increases peristalsis = defecation

Front 50

Urinary bladder autonomic reflex

Back 50

full bladder stretches, impulse to spinal cord, PANS contracts bladder and relaxes sphincter = urination