Pharm Exam 1

Front 1

Define drug

Back 1

an article intended to be used in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment or pevention of disease

Front 2

define pharmacy

Back 2

the preparation of drugs and their formulation into remedies

Front 3

what does the DEA regulate?

Back 3

controlled substances (drugs and chemicals)

Front 4

what does the USDA regulate?

Back 4

biologicals, such as vaccines

Front 5

what does the EPA regulate?

Back 5

pesticides- including those to be applied topically

Front 6

what does the FDA regulate?

Back 6

drugs

Front 7

Pure Food and Drugs act

Back 7

1906, prohibited interstate commerce in misbranded and adulterated food or drugs

Front 8

Federal food, drug, and cosmetics act

Back 8

1938. toxicity studies required, prohibits use of expired drugs, requires approval of New Animal Drug Application

Front 9

Delaney Clause

Back 9

1958, no substance which cuases cancer to animals may be added to food (including food producing animals)

Front 10

Who was Frances Oldham Kelsey?

Back 10

refused to authorize thalidomide for use in the US, was a reviewer for the FDA

Front 11

Kefauver-Harris Amendment

Back 11

1962: effort to evaluate the risk vs benefit ration. Required animal and in vitro research before clinical trials.

Front 12

AMDUCA

Back 12

1994: animal medicinal drug use clarifications act. Permits vets to use drugs for extralabel uses, while giving the FDA the authority to regulate those uses and to impose requirements to protect the public health

Front 13

VCPR

Back 13

veterinarian client patient relationship

Front 14

components of a legal rx

Back 14

date, name/address of patient/owner, drug name and dose, instructions to pharmacist, directions for usage, number of refills, vet info, DEA number

Front 15

EBM

Back 15

evidence based medicine- integration of best resarch evidence with clinical expertise and patient values

Front 16

define: observational study

Back 16

the investigator does not control the allocation of factors, greater potential for biases… include case series, case control and cohort studies

Front 17

define: controlled experiments

Back 17

the investigator does control the allocation of factors. Balanced/controlled by randomization. Supply strong evidence. Strongest = double blinded, randomized control clinical trial

Front 18

schedule 1

Back 18

high potential for abuse, no accepted medical use-- heroin, dihydromorphine, morphine methylsulfonate, lsd, marijuana, etc

Front 19

schedule 2

Back 19

high potential for abuse, but has accepted medical use. Abuse leads to dependence. Narcotics(cocaine, morphine, hydromorphone, methamphetamine, methadone, meperidine, etorphine), amobarbital, pentobarbital

Front 20

schedule 3

Back 20

less potential for abuse, narcotics (Combos with limited amounts or combinations of opium, morphine, ethylmorphine, codeine, dihydrocodeine, hydrocodone), ketamine, anabolic steroids

Front 21

schedule 4

Back 21

low potential for abuse- phenobarb, diazepam, butorphanol

Front 22

schedule 5

Back 22

preparations with low amounts of narcotics- mainly antitussives and antidiarrheals

Front 23

law of mass action

Back 23

k2/k1 = kd = [d][r]/[dr]

Front 24

Kd

Back 24

the concentration at which half of all receptors are occupied by the durg

Front 25

K2 is ______ to the affinity of the drug for the receptor

Back 25

inversely proportional

Front 26

define agonist

Back 26

drugs that have both affinity and intrinsic activity (ie, epi, acetylcholine, nicotime, morphine)

Front 27

define partial agonist

Back 27

the drug elicits a partial response, the max response is less than the max response generated by the full agonist. Has affinity for the rc, but less intrincsic activity than a full agonist

Front 28

define inverse agonist

Back 28

drug that bides to the receptor to suppress constitute activity

Front 29

define antagonist

Back 29

drugs that affinity for rc, but lack intrinsic activity. They block/reduce the effect of agonists in compet or noncompet manner (ie, diphenhydramine, atropine, spironolactone)

Front 30

graded dose response curve

Back 30

the relationship between dosage and the intensity of the response elicted in an individual animal or tissue

Front 31

what does ED50 measure?

Back 31

drug potency

Front 32

what does Emax measure?

Back 32

drug efficacy

Front 33

quantal dose response-

Back 33

the relationship between dosage and the percentge of the population responding in a similar matter

Front 34

therapeutic index=

Back 34

LD50/ED50

Front 35

therapeutic ratio =

Back 35

LD25/ED75

Front 36

additive effect

Back 36

A + B = A+B

Front 37

synergistic effect

Back 37

response to A and B coadministered is greater than A + B

Front 38

define potentiation

Back 38

an increase in potency of one drug caused by another drug that does not have the same phamacological effect (ie clavamox)

Front 39

mixing agonist and antagomist-

Back 39

will diminish the anticipated response. Compet-- inhibitory effect depends on concentrations of each. Noncompet- antagonism cannot be overcome with more agonist

Front 40

define tolerance

Back 40

the drug becomes less effective (elicts a lower effect at the same dose) with repeated use

Front 41

define tachyphylaxis

Back 41

pharmacodynamic tolerance that develops rapidly

Front 42

up/down regulation of receptors

Back 42

a change in maximal response due to a change in receptor numbers

Front 43

speed of systemic exposure

Back 43

IV>IO>inhalation>IM>SC>PO

Front 44

Dispositional processes

Back 44

pathways by which drugs travel throughout the body. Encompasses: dissolution, absorption, distribution and elimination (biotransformation and excretion)

Front 45

What can move directly through the lipid membrane?

Back 45

small, lipid soluble (uncharged, unionized, nonpolar, lipophilic) drugs

Front 46

what can diffuse through protein channels?

Back 46

very small, water soluble (charged ionized, polar hydrophlic) substances

Front 47

Describe active transport through lipid membranes

Back 47

ATP binding cassette, p-glycoprotein
absobs from the gut, excludes from the brain, excretes in liver and kidneys

Front 48

what is p-glycoprotein?

Back 48

protective mechanism that pumps drugs out

Front 49

small lipophliic molecules are ______ from the GI tract

Back 49

readily absorbed

Front 50

absorption is greatest in areas with greater _____ ___

Back 50

surface area

Front 51

acid drugs are trapped in ____ environments

Back 51

basic

Front 52

two factors that affect lipid solubility

Back 52

inherent lipid solubility
degree of ionization

Front 53

factors affecting drug distribution

Back 53

lipid solubility of the drug
tissue perfusion
tissue capactity
binding to plasma proteins

Front 54

drug distribution: high tissue perfusion

Back 54

brain, kidney, liver, heart

Front 55

drug distribution: medium tissue perfusion

Back 55

muscle, skin

Front 56

drug distribution: low tissue perfusion

Back 56

fat, skeleton

Front 57

two tissues with high capactity for drug distribution

Back 57

muscle and fat

Front 58

name five barrier restricted compartments

Back 58

placenta, blood-brain, blood prostate, blood-ocular, bood-testes

Front 59

two ways drugs can be excreted

Back 59

intact (parent drug)
changed product (metabolite)

Front 60

methods of excretion

Back 60

urine, bile, feces, breath, milk, sweat, tears, etc

Front 61

what is the main goal of biotransformation?

Back 61

increased excretion of substrates

Front 62

which is excreted more rapidly, polar or nonpolar drugs?

Back 62

polar

Front 63

which is more polar, drug metabolites or parent drugs?

Back 63

drug metabolites

Front 64

what do nonsynthetic reactions do

Back 64

oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis will reveal or introduce a functional group

Front 65

what do synthetic reactions do

Back 65

conjugation or attachment of an endogenous polar molecule to a functional group by glucuronidation, sulfate conjugation, glutathione conjugation, acetylation, methylation, amino acid conjugation

Front 66

Phase 1 reactions

Back 66

microsomal oxidation
nonmicrosomal oxidations

Front 67

types of synthetic reactions

Back 67

glucuronidation, sulfation, amino acid conjugation, glutathione conjugation, glucose conjugation, acetylation, methylation

Front 68

agents that induce the cytochrome p450 complex

Back 68

phenobarb, rifampin

Front 69

agents that inhibit the cytochrome p450 complex

Back 69

ketoconazole, cimetidine

Front 70

first pass effect affects drugs that are extensively metabolized by the

Back 70

liver

Front 71

prodrugs

Back 71

metabolized to their active form, often in the liver or by plasma and intestinal esterases

Front 72

renal excretion: glomerular filtration is inhibited by

Back 72

plasma protein binding