Pharm Exam 1

Front 1

three phases that a drug taken orally goes through

Back 1

1. Pharmaceutic phase
2. Pharmacokinetic phase
3. Pharmacodynamic phase

Front 2

pharmaceutic phase

Back 2

an orally administered drug becomes a solution so that it can cross the biologic membrane

Subsutaneous, intermuscular, or IV drugs do not have a pharmaceutic pahse.

tablet- disintergration-dissolution

Front 3

disintegration

Back 3

the breakdown of a tablet into smaller particles

part of the pharmaceutic phase

Front 4

dissolution

Back 4

the dissolving of small particles of a tablet in the GI fluid before absorption.

part of the pharaceutic phase occuring after disintegration.

Front 5

excipients

Back 5

fillers and insert substances found in tablets used to allow the drug to take on a specific shape/size in order to enhance dissolution.

Front 6

rate limiting

Back 6

the time it takes a drug to disintegrate and dissolve to become more available for the body to absorb.

Front 7

enteric-coated drugs

Back 7

have a coating that causes them to resist disintegration in the acids of the stomach so disintegration does not occur until it reaches the alkaline environment of the small intestines.

Front 8

pharmacokinetics

Back 8

the process of drug movement through the body

Front 9

four stages of pahrmacokinetics

Back 9

1. absorption
2. distribution
3. metabolism
4. excretion/ elimination

Front 10

absorption

Back 10

the movement of drug particles from the GI tract to body fluids

Front 11

three types of absorption

Back 11

passive
active
pinocytosis

Front 12

passive absorption

Back 12

occurs mostly by diffusion
the drug does not require energy to move across the membrane

Front 13

active absorption

Back 13

requires a carrier such as an enzyme or protein to move the drug against the concentration gradient

Front 14

pinocytosis

Back 14

a form of absorption
process by which cells carry a drug across their membrane by engulfing the drug particles

Front 15

factors that influence affect absorption

Back 15

blood flow
pain
stress
food
pH

Front 16

first pass effect

Back 16

process in which a drug passes to the liver first

Front 17

bioavailability

Back 17

the percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the circulation.

orally- always less than 100%
IV - usually 100%

Front 18

factors that alter bioavailability

Back 18

drug form
route of admin
GI motility
food
other drugs
liver function

Front 19

distribution

Back 19

2nd stage of pharmacokinetic phase
the process by which the drug becomes available to body fluids and tissues.

Front 20

factors that influence drug distribution

Back 20

blood flow
drug's affinity to the tissue (how tissue accepts the drug)
protein-binding

Front 21

protein-binding effect

Back 21

portion of the drug that is bound to a protein is inactive because it is not available to receptors

unbound portion is free drug/ active.

drug dose is determined by the percentage of the drug that is protein-bound.

Front 22

free drugs

Back 22

active portion of the drug.
not bound to protein

Front 23

metabolism

Back 23

primarily occurs in the liver

converts the drug into inactive substances in preparation for excretion

Front 24

half-life (t1/2)

Back 24

the time it takes for one half of the drug to be eliminated

affected by metabolism and excretion speed

a drug goes through several half-lives

short = 4-8 hours
long= 24+ hours

Front 25

elimination

Back 25

main route is through the kidney's
the kidney's filter free drugs, water-soluble drugs and unchanged drugs

kidney's cannot filter protein-bound drugs. (drug must be removed from the protein)

Front 26

pharmacodynamic phase

Back 26

study of drug concentration and its effects on the body

Front 27

onset of action

Back 27

time it takes to reach the minimum effective concentration (MEC)

Front 28

peak action

Back 28

when the drug reaches its highest blood/plasma concentration

Front 29

duration of action

Back 29

the length of time the drug has effect

Front 30

time-response curve

Back 30

evaluates the three parameters of srug action: onset, peak and duration of action.

Front 31

ligand-binding domain

Back 31

site on a receptor where drugs bind.

Front 32

agonist

Back 32

drugs that produce a response

Front 33

antagonist

Back 33

drugs that block a response

Front 34

nonspecific drugs

Back 34

drugs that affect various sites

Front 35

nonselective drugs

Back 35

drugs that affect various receptors

Front 36

four categories of drug action

Back 36

stimulation or depression
replacement (insulin)
inhibition (pinicilin)
irritation (laxatives)

Front 37

therapeutic index of a drug

Back 37

estimates the margin of safety of a drug by comparing the effective dose and the lethal dose

the closer the ratio is to 1, the greater the danger of toxicity

Front 38

therapeutic window/ range

Back 38

between the minimum effective concentration and the min toxic concentration

Front 39

peak drug level

Back 39

the highest plasma concentration of a drug at a specific time.
indicates the rate of absorption
a blood sample should be drawn at the proposed peak time.

Front 40

trough drug level

Back 40

lowest plasma concentration of a drug
measures the rate of excretion
trough levels are drawn immediately before the next dose of drug is given

Front 41

loading dose

Back 41

a large initial dose given to achieve a rapid minimum effective concentration.

used when immediate drug response is desired.

Front 42

side effects

Back 42

physiologic effects not related to desired drug effects
all drugs have side effects
can be desired or undesired.

Front 43

adverse reactions

Back 43

range of unintended side effects that occur at a normal dosage.
more severe than normal side effects .
adverse reactions are always undesirable and range from mild to severe

Front 44

toxicity

Back 44

occurs when the drug level exceeds the therepeutic range

Front 45

pharmacogenetics

Back 45

the study of how the effect of drug action varies because of genetic factors

Front 46

tolerance

Back 46

decreased responsiveness over the course of therapy

Front 47

tachyphylaxis

Back 47

rapid decrease in response to the drug.
an "acute tolerance"

Front 48

placebo effect

Back 48

a psychological benefit from a compound that may not have the chemical structure of a drug effect

used in chemical drug studies