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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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pharmakon =
logos= definition of pharmacology |
pharmakon=medicine
logos= study of pharmacology= study of medicine (how drugs improve quality of life) |
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definition of therapeutics
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treatment of disease and suffering
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definition of pharmacotherapeutics
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drugs used to treat diseases
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what is the difference between
healthcare practitioner healthcare provider |
practitioner= prescribe meds
provider= educate and manage |
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What defines a drug
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any chemical agent that makes a biological change in the body
(antipersperant, sunscreen, toothpaste_ |
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Therapeutic drugs are classified by how they are made
chemical= biological= natural= |
chemical= synthesized in a lab
biological= made from animal products, hormones, vaccines natural= herbs, minerals, vitamins |
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what is recombinant DNA
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DNA made from humans
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definition of pharmaceutics
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science of preparing and dispensing drugs
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what makes a drug a prescription drug? an over the counter drugs?
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prescription- needs drs. order
OTC- needs no dr. order |
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what is a legend drug
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any drug that needs a drs. order
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when was the FDA founded
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1988
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How are TI levels determined
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by animal testing
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what does TI stand for
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therapeutic index
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what is LD50/ED50
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therapeutic index = LD50/ED50
lethal dose=LD50, kills 50% of mice effective dose=ED50, dose required to make a specific effect at maximum levels |
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how long is a drug patent?
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17yrs.
developer is given exclusive rights for 17 yrs after submisison to FDA. after that others can replicate drug |
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what is phase 1 of human clinical trials
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phase 1- first time in human, small # of subjects (20-80), looking for safety dose
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what is phase 2 of human clinical trials
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phase 2- 100-300 subjects, healthiest of the sick, how drug metabolizes (pharmacokinetics)
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what is phase 3 of human clinical trials
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phase 3- large multi center studies 100-1000 subjects, drug's effectiveness, random and blind trials
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what is phase 4 of human clinical trials
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phase 4- evaluate different formulas, doses, and durations of treatment, FDA approvals
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how long does a new drug application take (NDA)
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2.5 years for review and approval by fda; 2 month time limit to accept or reject proposal
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what is the enteral route
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into a body orifice
(mouth, rectum, eye) |
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what is the parenteral route
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injections
(via vessles, skin, etc) |
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what is the topical route
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on the skin or associated membrane
(nose, ears, eyes, vagina) |
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what is phase 1 of drug delivery and what does it involve
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drug administration- involves delivery method and on-set
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what is phase 2 of drug delivery and what does it involve
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phase 2- pharmacokinetic pahse
- movement of drug through the body to the target tissue |
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what is phase 3 of drug delivery and what does it involve
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phase 3- pharmacodynamic phase
- drug produces change or effect on target tissue - interaction of drug with receptors at target |
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what are the physical properites of solid drugs
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needs body opening
must dissolve to become active slow onset (tablets capsules suppositories) |
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what are physical properties of liquid drugs
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move quickly through body
must penetrate cell membranes of target to have effect |
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how does viscosity effect onset
solubility? |
thick viscosity means slower onset
slow solubility means slower onset |
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what are the physical properties of gaseous drugs
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move quickly toward target
onset within seconds (sprays, mists, inhalants) |
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what does PO mean
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taken orally
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Does the sublingual route go through 1st pass effect
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no- sunblingual (placed under the tongue) bypasses liver activity (1st pass effect)
-absorbed quickly directly into the bloodstream |
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What are advantages of the rectal route
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bypasses lvier activity and digestive enzymes
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what is a bolus injection
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a large quantity of drug given at one time
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intradermal injection
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into the dermis-
easily absorbed (many blood vessels) test for allergic reactions |
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subcutaneous injections
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deeper than intradermal
insulin injections |
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intramuscular injections
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into skeletal muscle
demerol, fertility drugs, chemo |
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what are the angles for injections
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intraderm-10-15
intravenous-25 sub Q- 45 intramuscular- 90 |
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what is a transdermal patch
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topical route
has systemic effect nicotine patch, nitroglycerine, birth control |
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what is a transmucosal drug
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topical route
openings of skin lined with mucous membranes respiratory tract, reproductive produces local and systemic effect |
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what is a legend drug
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a drug that must be ordered by a DR
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what is a superscription
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RX - latin for take thou
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what is inscription
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body of prescription, name and quantity of ingredients
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what is subscription
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tells pharmacist how to compound meds
( mix and place into 10 capsules/ dispense 10 tablets) |
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what is the signatura
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instructions for pt on how to take drug
(when, how much) |
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latin abbreviations
BID QID TID PRN HS C |
BID- twice daily
QID- 4x day TID- 3x day PRN- as needed HS- at bedtime C- with |
