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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What neurotransmitter is released in the somatic nervous system? |
actyelcholine |
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What is the differennce in neurotransmitters in sympathetic and parasympathtic systems? |
Sympathetic- actylcholine acts on ganglion or adrenal medulla to release norepiphrine or epiniphrine. Parasympathetic- postganglionic axon relases acetalcholine. |
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In pregnaglionic neurons what receptors does acetylcholine bind with? |
nicotinic or mucarinic |
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what receptors does norepiniphrin act on? |
alpha/ beta receptors |
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In postganglioinc neurons what receptors does acteylcholine bind with |
muscarinic |
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what are 4 effector organs of the PNS |
cardiac muscle smooth muscle glands adipose tissue |
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PNS have ______ receptors SNS have__________ receptors |
cholinergic noradrengeric |
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in an action potential in the brain Calcium and sodium go _______ and potassium goes _____ |
in, out |
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where do most drugs act in the brain? |
synaptic cleft |
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what do sympathomimetics do? |
stimulate sympathetic nervous system |
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what family does ephedrine fall under? |
sympathomimetics |
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what do alpha 1 receptors do? |
vasoconstriction of periphery increased closure of urinary sphinters increase secreations pupil dialtion |
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what do alpha 2 recepotors? |
vasoconstiction of arteries decreased GI motility decresed smooth muscle contraction |
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what do beta 1 do? |
increased cardiac muscle contractions |
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what do beta 2 receptors? |
stiumulation leads to vasodiolation, bronchodilation |
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what are two gi complications of taking spmpathtics |
increased GI motility- diarehha
Increased GI secreations- peptic ulcers. |
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any drug that influences the PNS has a ______ onset of action |
slower |
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what do cholinomimetics do? |
PNS stimulation |
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what does the drug actylcholine cause |
bradycardia |
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what does nicotine cause |
bradycardia |
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what does mucomyst do? |
increase secreations |
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what does pilocarpine do? |
decrease intraocular pressure |
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do your pupils constrict or dialate with cholinomimetics? |
constrict! |
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what does atropine do? |
anticholinergic- induces tachycarida |
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what does scopolamine do? |
anticholinergics- treats motion sickness by blocky actetychloline |
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What does ditropan do? |
anticholnerigc- treats bladder spasms |
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what does atrovent do? |
anticholnergic- rescue drug for asthma- bronchodialtion |
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if it inhibits PNS then it will stiumulate ___ |
SNS |
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how do neuromuscular blocking agents work? |
they block acetylcholine- nicotinic antagonists |
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what do neuromuscular blocking agents do? |
used as paralytics, general anestheisia, stops breathing- your brain is usally still kicking but you cant move. |
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what does the suffic 'uronium' mean? |
neuromuscular blockersp nicotinic antagonists. |
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what is succinylcholine? |
paralytic- neuromuscular blockers- super short half life |
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what does rocuronium do? |
nictinic antagonist used with general anesthisa, rapid onset, IV |
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what are the 3 anesthsia treatment goals |
unconsciouness loss of responce to pain lost of reflexes- no muscle movemnts |
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what does propofol do? |
induces unconsciousness- rapid onset IV resp depression hypotension decresed CNS perfusion NO ANALGESIA |
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what do Isoflurane, Halothane do? |
cause uncounicouness- inhalation |
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what drug is used for analgesia in GA |
fentanyal |
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How does local anesthesia work? |
reduces influx Na in cells- no action potential generated no Ach secreation |
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what do drugs with the suffix caine do? |
local anesthitic |
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what routes can local anestheitic be delivered? |
SC, epidural, spinal |
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why is epinephrine often included in SC injections |
because it causes vasoconstriction- reduces blood flow to area |
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what areas of the body do we not give epiniphrine to? |
ears nose penis toes and fingers |
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what does glutamate do? |
excites the brain |
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what are 3 inhibitory neurotransmitters? what is the function of these |
dopamine, serotonin, GABA- BALENCE MOOD |
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what are 3 excitatory neurotransmitters and what is the function? |
dopamine, norepinephrin, epinephrine Stimulates brain |
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what happens when we have a chloride influc |
inhibition |
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How does GABA work? |
make chloride ion gates open therefore there is an influx which causes inhibition. |
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study it |
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an imbalence of what neurotrasnmitter is the cause for depression? |
norepinphrine and serotoin |
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what are 3 core charcterics of depression? |
persitant low mood loss of pleaure functional impairment |
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what does serotonin do? |
enhances sense of well-being |
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what is the first line therpy for depresison |
SSRI- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
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what is second line therpy for depression |
SNRI serotonine and norepiniphrine reuptake inhiitors |
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what do fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine do? |
SSRI |
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what are the side effect for SSRI's? |
headache,nausea, insomnia, nervousness; CYP 2D6, 3A4 inhibition |
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how many patients will not respond to antidepressents? |
1/3 |
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what neurotranmitter imbalence cause anxiety |
GABA serotonin |
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what is a good class of drugs for panic attacks and why? |
benzodiazepines |
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what is good long term treatment for anxiety |
SSRI SNRI |
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how do benzodiazepines work? |
increases actions of GABA- global CNS sedation |
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what do midazolam, lorazapam, diazepam, clonazepam do? |
benzodiazepines |
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what imbalence of neuro transmiters cause seziures? |
GABA and Sodium effluc |
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how do we treat sezures? |
decrease excitabiltiy of cells- benzodiazepines- valium |
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What drugs is the best for treating status epilepticus |
valium barbituates antieplitic drugs |
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do febrile seziures in ped patientns cause long term damage? |
nope!` |
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how do barbituates work? |
enchance GABA receptor binding |
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what class of drugs do phenobarbital and pentobarbital fall in?
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barbituates- |
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what class does phenytoin fall under? |
antieplitic- enhances NA efflux |
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how does phenobarbital impact metabolism |
Phenobarbitalis metabolized extensively by CYP 3A4, and acts as an inducer of this enzymegroup |
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which barbituate can cause really bad allergies? |
phenobarbital |
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what is the ADME for phenytoin? |
half life= 22 hrs highly protien bound highy CYP2C9 metabolized |
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what is the first line drug for chronic pain? how does it work? |
Gabapentin- increaseschloride influx=cellular de-excitation & modulates GABA to decreaseneuronal excitability |
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what is the ADME for gabapentin |
high lipophilic- excreted unchanged |
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which street drugs are stimulants |
crystal meth, cocaine, LSD, ecstasy, PCP |
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what street drugs are seditiaves |
heroin, cannabinoids, opiods |
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how does cocaine work? |
Increaseddopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine- good feelings |
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how does crystal work? |
–Increaseddopamine, epinephrine, norepi shorter half life |
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hows does tobacco work? |
Increasednicotine receptor binding=post-ganglionic neuron stimulation=increased dopamineproductio
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how does alcohol work? |
–Bindsto Ach & serotonin receptors, stimulating CNS–Alsobinds to GABA, decreasing excitability–Phaseof stimulation followed by sedation
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what happens in parkonson? |
theaccumulation of Lewybodies & destruction of Dopamine neurons |
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how do we treat parkinsons? |
increase dopamine levels L-DOPA |
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what happens during alzheimers? |
associated with lossof Ach-containing cellsrelated to memory processing but spreads to other brain areas. Accumulation of β-amyloiddeposits = creates plaques |
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what are 7 high 1st pass metabolism drugs |
•Morphine•Demerol•Diazepam
•Midazolam•Lidocaine •Propranolol•Imipramine |
