Pharm Ch 2 Terms

Front 1

Additive effects

Back 1

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is equivalent to the sum of the individual effects of the same drug given alone. For example, 1+1=2

Front 2

Adverse drug event

Back 2

Any undesirable occurrence related to administering or failing to administer a prescribed medication

Front 3

Adverse drug reaction

Back 3

Any unexpected unintended undesired or excessive response to a medication given a therapeutic dosages

Front 4

Adverse effects

Back 4

A general term for any undesirable effect that are a direct response to one or more drugs

Front 5

Agonist

Back 5

A drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body

Front 6

Allergic reaction

Back 6

An immunologic hypersensitivity reaction resulting from the unusual sensitivity of a patient to a particular medication, a type of adverse drug event

Front 7

Antagonist

Back 7

A drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body. Are also called inhibitors

Front 8

Antagonistic effects

Back 8

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs is less than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone (1+1=<2); it is usually caused by an antagonizing, (blocking or reducing) effect of one drug on another

Front 9

Bioavailability

Back 9

A measure of the extent of drug absorption for a given drug in route. From 0% to 100%

Front 10

Biotransformation

Back 10

One or more biochemical reactions involving a parent drug; occurs mainly in the liver and produces a metabolite that is either inactive or active. Also known as metabolism

Front 11

Blood-brain barrier

Back 11

The barrier system that restricts the passage of various chemicals and microscopic entities between the bloodstream and the central nervous system. It allows for passage of essential substances such as oxygen

Front 12

Chemical name

Back 12

The name that describes the chemical composition and molecular structure of a drug

Front 13

Contraindication

Back 13

Any condition especially one related to a disease state or patient characteristic including current or recent drug therapy which renders a particular form of treatment improper or undesirable

Front 14

Cytochrome P 450

Back 14

The general name for a large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions

Front 15

Dependence

Back 15

A state in which there is a compulsive or chronic need as for a drug

Front 16

Dissolution

Back 16

The process by which solid forms of drug disintegrate in the gastrointestinal tract and become soluble before becoming absorbed into the circulation

Front 17

Drug

Back 17

Any chemical that affects the physiologic processes of a living organism

Front 18

Drug actions

Back 18

The processes involved in the interaction between a drug and body cells also called mechanism of action

Front 19

Drug classification

Back 19

A method of grouping drugs, may be based on structure or therapeutic use

Front 20

Drug effects

Back 20

The physiologic reaction of the body to a drug. They can be therapeutic or toxic and describe how the body is affected as a whole by the drug

Front 21

Drug-induced teratogenesis

Back 21

The development of congenital abnormalities or defects in the developing fetus caused by the Toxic effect of drugs

Front 22

Drug interaction

Back 22

Alteration in the pharmacologic OR pharmacokinetic activity of a given drug caused by the presence of one or more additional drugs, it is usually related to effects on the enzymes required for metabolism of the involved with drugs

Front 23

Duration of action

Back 23

The length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood or tissues is sufficient to elict a response

Front 24

Enzymes

Back 24

Protein molecules that catalyze one or more of a variety of biochemical reactions including those related to the body's physiologic processes as well as those related to drug metabolism

Front 25

First pass effect

Back 25

The initial metabolism in the liver of a drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract before the drug reaches systemic circulation through the bloodstream

Front 26

Generic name

Back 26

The name given to a drug by the United States adopted names Council. Also called the non-proprietary name. This name is much shorter and simpler than the chemical name and is not protected by trademark

Front 27

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency

Back 27

A hereditary condition in which red blood cells break down when the body is exposed to certain drugs

Front 28

Half life

Back 28

In pharmacokinetics the time required for half of an administered dose of drug to be eliminated from the body or the time it takes for the blood level of a drug to be reduced by 50%

Front 29

Idiosyncratic reaction

Back 29

An abnormal and unexpected response to a medication other than an allergic reaction that is peculiar to an individual patient

Front 30

Incompatibility

Back 30

The characteristic that causes two parental drugs or solutions to undergo a reaction when mixed or given together that results in the chemical deterioration of at least one of the drugs

Front 31

Intra-arterial

Back 31

Within an artery

Front 32

Intra-articular

Back 32

Within a joint

Front 33

Intrathecal

Back 33

Within a sheath

Front 34

Medication error

Back 34

Any preventable adverse drug event involving inappropriate medication use by a patient or Healthcare professional, it may or may not cause patient harm

Front 35

Medication use process

Back 35

The prescribing dispensing and administering of medications and the monitoring of those effects

Front 36

Metabolite

Back 36

A chemical form of a drug that is the product of one or more biochemical reactions involving the parent drug. Have pharmacologic activity of their own even if the parent drug is inactive

Front 37

Onset of action

Back 37

The time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing

Front 38

P-glycoprotein

Back 38

A transporter protein that moves drugs out of cells and into the gut urine or bile

Front 39

Parent drug

Back 39

The chemical form of a drug that is administered before it is metabolized by the body into its active or inactive metabolites.

Front 40

Peak effect

Back 40

The time required for a drug to reach its maximum therapeutic response in the body

Front 41

Peak level

Back 41

The maximum concentration of a drug in the body after Administration usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

Front 42

Pharmaceutics

Back 42

The science of preparing and dispensing drugs including dosage form design

Front 43

Pharmacodynamics

Back 43

The study of the biochemical and physiological reactions of drugs at the their sites of activity. It examines of physicochemical properties of drugs and their pharmacologic interactions with bodies receptors

Front 44

Pharmacoeconomics

Back 44

The study of economic factors impacting the cost of drug therapy

Front 45

Pharmacognosy

Back 45

The study of drugs that are obtained from natural plant and animal sources

Front 46

Pharmacokinetics

Back 46

The study of what happens to a drug from the time it gets put into the body until the parent drug and all metabolites have left the body

Front 47

Pharmacology

Back 47

The broadest term for the study or science of drugs

Front 48

Pharmacotherapeutics

Back 48

The treatment of pathologic conditions through the use of drugs

Front 49

Prodrug

Back 49

An inactive drug dosage form that is converted to an active metabolite by various biochemical reactions once it is inside the body

Front 50

Receptor

Back 50

And molecular structure within or on the outer surface of a cell bind specific substances and one or more corresponding cellular effects occur as a result of this drug interaction

Front 51

Steady state

Back 51

The physiologic state in which the amount of drug removed via elimination is equal to the amount of drug absorbed with each dose

Front 52

Substrates

Back 52

Substances on which an enzyme Acts

Front 53

Synergistic effects

Back 53

Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. For example 1+1=>2

Front 54

Therapeutic drug monitoring

Back 54

The process of measuring drug levels to identify a patient's drug exposure and to allow a justment of dosages with the goals of maximizing therapeutic effects and minimizing toxicity

Front 55

Therapeutic effect

Back 55

The desired or intended effect of a particular medication

Front 56

Therapeutic index

Back 56

The ratio between the toxic and therapeutic concentrations of a drug

Front 57

Tolerance

Back 57

Reduced response to a drug after prolonged use

Front 58

Toxic

Back 58

The quality of being poisonous

Front 59

Toxicity

Back 59

The condition of producing adverse bodily effects due to the poisonous qualities

Front 60

Toxicology

Back 60

The study of poisons including toxic drug effects and applicable treatments

Front 61

Trade name

Back 61

The commercial name given to a drug product by its manufacturer also called the proprietary name

Front 62

Trough level

Back 62

The lowest concentration of drug reached in the body after it falls from its peak level usually measured in a blood sample for therapeutic drug monitoring

Front 63

Pharmacogenomics

Back 63

The study of influence of genetic factors And response that results in the absence overabundance or insufficiency of drug metabolizing enzymes