Pharm. Ch 1, 2, 5, 6

Front 1

therapeutics

Back 1

branch of medicine concerned with the prevention of disease and treatment of suffering

Front 2

pharmacotherapy
pharmacotherapeutics

Back 2

application of drugs for the purpose of disease prevention and treatment of suffering

Front 3

drug

Back 3

chemical agent capable of producing biological response within the body

Front 4

medication

Back 4

after drug is administered, called medication

Front 5

biologics

Back 5

agents naturally produced in animal cells, by microorganisms, or by the body itself

Front 6

examples of biologics

Back 6

hormones, monoclonal antibodies, blood products and components, interferon, vaccines

Front 7

complementary / alternative therapies

Back 7

natural plant extracts, herbs, vitamins, minerals, dietary supplements. (accupunture, biofeedback, massage)

Front 8

pharmacopoeia

Back 8

medical reference summarizing drug purity, strength, directions for synthesis

Front 9

formulary

Back 9

list of drugs, and drug recipes

Front 10

FDA

Back 10

food & drug administration: established to facilitate safe, effective drugs - and keeping others off market; improve americans, provide clear and understandable drug info. for safe and effective use

Front 11

4 Stages of New Drug Development

Back 11

Preclinical Investigation, Clinical Investigation, Review of the New Drug Application, Postmarketing surveillance

Front 12

1. Preclinical Investigation

Back 12

involves lab research. tests on human/microbial cells, and animals (1-3years)

Front 13

2. Clinical Investigation

Back 13

longest part of drug testing, healthy volunteers to determine dosage/side effects. 2-10 years

Front 14

3 NDA Review

Back 14

clincal phase III trials and animal testing may continue.. NDA review - 17-24 months

Front 15

4. Postmarketing surveillance

Back 15

survey for harmful effects in a larger population. public meetings to receive feedback - can be withdrawn by FDA

Front 16

therapeutic classification

Back 16

based on what the drug does clinically (ex: anticoagulant)

Front 17

pharmacologic classification

Back 17

based on how the drug produces its effect
(more specific than therapeutic)
ex: calcium-channel blockers

Front 18

mechanism of action

Back 18

how a drug produces its effect in the body

Front 19

chemical name

Back 19

chemical properties
7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-methyl- etc.

Front 20

generic name

Back 20

less complicated, easier to remember

Front 21

trade name

Back 21

short, easy to remember. brand name.

Front 22

bioavailability

Back 22

physiological ability of the drug to reach its target cells and produce its effect

Front 23

dependence

Back 23

physiological, or psychological need for a substance

Front 24

physical dependence

Back 24

altered physical condition caused by the adaptation of the nervous system to repeated drug use. withdrawal sx

Front 25

psychologically dependent

Back 25

individual feels a compelling desire, craving to continue drug use

Front 26

controlled substance

Back 26

drug whose use is restricted by the Controlled Substance Act

Front 27

pharmacokinetics

Back 27

what the body does to the drug

Front 28

diffusion/passive transport

Back 28

usually small particles, movement from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration
(lipid-soluble)

Front 29

active transport

Back 29

movement of chemical against a concentration or electrochemical gradient. bigger particles
(water-soluble)

Front 30

absorption

Back 30

process of movement of a substance from its site of administration to fluids

Front 31

what effects absorption?

Back 31

high doses -- rapid onset, IV - most rapid, syrup - faster
digestive motility, pH, food
enzymes

Front 32

distribution

Back 32

transport of pharmacologic agents through body.
blood --> body tissues

Front 33

what effects distribution?

Back 33

greater blood flow - delivered
lipid soluble drugs
protein complexes
affinity
blood-brain
fetal-placental

Front 34

metabolism "biotransformation"

Back 34

changes drug so it can be excreted
primary site: liver
P-450 System
elderly/children -

Front 35

P-450 System

Back 35

inactivates drug
accelerates drug excretion
*some drugs cannot be swallowed because of this*

Front 36

excretion

Back 36

primary site: kidney
ionized/water-soluble filtered

Front 37

what effects excretion

Back 37

renal failure
pH

Front 38

enteropathic recirculation

Back 38

percentage of drug is recirculated numerous times with bile. - prolongs activity of drug -- can occur for several weeks

Front 39

toxic concentration

Back 39

level of drug that will result in serious adverse effects

Front 40

therapeutic range

Back 40

plasma drug concentration between the minimum effective concentration and the toxic concentration

Front 41

plasma half-life

Back 41

drug's duration of action, length of time required for plasma concentration of a medication to decrease by half after administration
greater the half-life, the longer it takes to be secreted

Front 42

loading dose

Back 42

higher amount of the drug, given only once or twice, given to "prime" the bloodstream

Front 43

maintenance doses

Back 43

before plasma levels can drop back to zero, intermittent maintenance doses are given to keep the plasma drug concentration in the therapeutic range "equilibrium"

Front 44

pharmacodynamics

Back 44

what the drug does to the body

Front 45

frequency distribution curve

Back 45

graphical representation of the number of clients repsonding to a drug action at different doses: peak: largest # of clients responding to drug

Front 46

median effective dose (ED50)

Back 46

middle of the frequency distribution curve - dose required to produce a specific therapeutic response in 50% of the group of clients

Front 47

median lethal dose (LD50)

Back 47

often determined in preclinical trials, LD50 dose of drug that will be lethal in 50% of a group of animals

Front 48

potency

Back 48

a drug that is more potent will produce a therapeutic effect at a lower dose, compared to another drug in the same class

Front 49

efficacy

Back 49

magnitude of maximal response that can be produced from a particular drug
* more important

Front 50

agonist

Back 50

when body isn't doing what it's suppose to: we can give agonist to bind to receptor to make body do MORE of what it usually dose

Front 51

ex: of agonist

Back 51

beta2 effects lungs
makes airway bigger
(inhaler) : binds to receptors to open airway

Front 52

Partial Agonists

Back 52

bind to receptor: weaker response than agonist

Front 53

Antagonists

Back 53

occupy receptor. BLOCKS body response: make body do LESS of what its doing

Front 54

onset

Back 54

time drug starts after given
"starts to ease pain"

Front 55

peak

Back 55

when drug works completely, pain completely gone.

Front 56

duration

Back 56

effects of drug gone -- whole amt. of time drug working from administration --> stop.