Pharm Basic Principles Of Antiparasitic Chemotherapy

Front 1

Dihydropteroate synthase is used by, and what is important about this?

Back 1

Sporozoans (e.g., Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Eimeria species) and other bacteria. Bacteria and sporozoans lack the ability to obtain exogenous folate. Sulfonamides are antimetabolities of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA, which is a dihydrofolic acid precursor) and competitively inhibits dihydropteroate synthase.

Front 2

What drug can block further sequential blockade of folic acid production?

Back 2

Trimethoprim (inhibits dihydrofolate reductase)

Front 3

Who uses pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and what is it used for?

Back 3

Certain anaerobic protozoans that lack mitochondria, posses this enzyme to generate acetyl-CoA via an electron transport.

Front 4

What is metronidazole's affect on pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase?

Back 4

Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase transfers electorns form pyruvate to a nitro group to nitroimidazoles (e.g., metronidazole) forming cytotoxic products that inhibit growth by binding to the parasite's proteins and DNA.

This enzyme has no counterpart in humans.

Front 5

What does trypanothione do? And what drug acts on trypanothione reductase?

Back 5

A form of glutathione in protozoans known as kinetoplastidans. It helps maintain a reduced state of intracellular thiols, and is essential for survival.

Nifurtimox is used in Chagas' disease (T. cruzi)

Front 6

Since protozoan parasites require purine salvage because they are unable to synthesize them, what gout agent can you use to treat Lesihmania, Schistomoma, and Trpanosoma species?

Back 6

Allopurinol (although, only mini pharm indicates this), which degrades purines.

Front 7

Ornithine decaroxylase is required for growth for, and what drug acts on this enzyme?

Back 7

Certain parasites (Trypanosoma, Plasmodium, and Giardia) (insignificant drug!?! can't really cross reference), where the enzyme forms polyamine, and putrescine. Eflornithine acts as a suicide substrate.

Front 8

What is the MOA of suramin?

Back 8

Binds to glycolytic enzymes and may prevent the incorporation of the enzymes into the glycosome.

Front 9

Dihydrofolate reductase is a target for? And what drugs work on it?

Back 9

Antimicrobial and cancer chemotherapy. Pyrimethamine and Trimethoprim

Front 10

How does atovaquone work?

Back 10

It is a quinone, an antimalarial drug (also Pneumocystis carinii infections) that works on the cytochrome complex and inhibits MT electron transport.

Front 11

What drug inhibits microtubule synthesis and function and affects what parasite?

Back 11

Mebendazole (and albenazole), and acts on helminths.

Front 12

What drug activates parasitic nicotinic receptors, and what parasite does this work on?

Back 12

Pyrantel pamoate, and works on hookworms, roundworms, and pinworms.

Front 13

What drug increases Ca++ uptake, causing parasite contraction and paralysis? And works on?

Back 13

Praziquantel. The drug is antischistosomal and antitapeworm agent.

Front 14

What drug acts on ergosterol, the principal sterol in plasma membranes and found in?

Back 14

Azole family (e.g., ketoconazole). Ergosterol are found in fungus, and T. cruzi and Leishmania.

Amphotericin B also works on ergosterol.

Front 15

Certain anaerobic protozoan parasites lack MT and generate energy-rich compounds such as acetyl-CoA by means of enzymes present in organelles called hydrogenosomes. A key enzyme involved is?

Back 15

Pyruvate-ferredoxin oxidoreductase. Metronidazole inhibits this enzyme.

Front 16

WHich compound is a good substrate for hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase in trypanosomes (but not mammals) and is eventually converted into metabolites that are incorporated into RNA?

Back 16

Allopurinol (gout drug, used as an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase)

Front 17

One chemotherapeutic strategy used to eradicate the bloodstream form of African trypanosomes is based on the absolute dependence of the organism on?

Back 17

Cytochrome-dependent electron transfer, a clycolytic enzyme inhibitor (salicylhydroxamic acid)

Front 18

What drug enhances GABA actions on the neuromuscular junctions of nematodes and arthropods)?

Back 18

Ivermectin and is the DOC for Onchocerca volvulus.

Front 19

Which drug is an antimetabolite that inhibits a trypanosomal enzyme involved

Back 19

Eflornithine, a suicide inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase. (not that important of a drug!?!?!)

Front 20

Anticoccidial 4-hydroxyquinolines inhibit?

Back 20

MT respiration in Eimeria species. And only this species

Front 21

Mebendazole binds to?

Back 21

Tubulins to alter the transport functions of microtubules

Front 22

Metronidazole is activated in the parasite to?

Back 22

A cytotoxic product

Front 23

Salicylhydroxamic acid inhibits?

Back 23

Glycerol-3-phosphate oxidase, which brings the parasite into an anaerobic state. (not that important of a drug?!?!?)

Front 24

Sulfonamides inhibit?

Back 24

7,8 dihydropteroate

Front 25

What are some enzymes unique to parasites?

Back 25

Dihydropteroate synthesase, pyruvate-ferridoxin oxidoreductase, purine nucleoside phosphotransferase, trypanothione reductase.

Front 26

Amprolium inhibits?

Back 26

Thiamin transport in Eimeria species (parasite of poultry, who cares!?!)

Front 27

Sulfadoxine is an inhibitor of?

Back 27

Dihydropteroate synthase in malaria

Front 28

Suramin binds to?

Back 28

Glycolytic enzymes and prevents their incorporation into glycosomes.

Front 29

MOA of thiopurinol riboside?

Back 29

Phosphorylates thiopurinol riboside to form the corresponding nucleotide, interfering with purine and nucleic acid metabolism.

Front 30

"Baghdad boil" is a form of cutaneous leishmaniasis that occurs commonly in Iraq, and can be treated with?

Back 30

Fluconazole (although it is not the DOC). They inhibit ergosterol

Front 31

Which drug increases membrane permeability to calcium in trematode and cestode muscles?

Back 31

Pyrantel pamoate and praziquantel, which are antihelmintics.