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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acids and bases |
frequently employed in the conversion of drugs to chemical forms convenient to their product formulation |
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Buffers |
maintains pH of various formulation within prescribed limits |
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Antioxidants |
prevents oxidative decomposition of pharmaceutically active components |
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Waters |
primary solvents or liquid phase in most liquid pharmaceutical preparations |
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Glass |
for storage and as a dispensing container of most drug products |
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Bronsted-Lowry |
Acid is described a proton donor; whereas a base is described as a proton acceptor |
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Neutralization |
the reaction between an acid and a hydroxide base to form a salt and water |
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Electrolytes |
either acids or bases that produce ions in aqueous solutions to conduct electricity |
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Strong electrolytes |
a substance that ionizes or dissociates to a large extent (70-100%) into ions in an aqueous solution |
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Weak electrolytes |
a substance that ionizes or dissociates to a small extent into ions in an aqueous solution |
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Boric acid |
◾ found in seawaters, certain plants, in nearly all fruits and in some volcanic steam jets ◾ not absorbed through intact skin but is highly toxic when ingested orally |
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◾ Boracic acid ◾ Hydrogen borate ◾ Orthoboric acid ◾ H3BO3 |
Synonyms of Boric acid |
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Sassolite |
Native boric acid |
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Air |
Boric acid is stable in __________ |
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water, alcohol |
Boric acid is soluble in __________ and __________ |
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glycerin, boiling water, boiling alcohol |
Boric acid is freely soluble in __________, __________ and __________ |
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HCl (aq) |
Addition of __________ decreases the solubility of Boric acid |
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◾ solutions ◾ ointments ◾ dusting powder as an antiseptic |
Uses of Boric acid |
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2.5% - 4.5% |
Boric acid is used as an eyewash at what concentration? |
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1.9% Boric acid with a pH of 5 |
Boric acid is used as buffer for opthalmic solutions at what concentration? |
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acidic pH |
Boric acid is used as a buffer for topical medication to maintain an __________ |
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Boroglycerin Glycerite; suppository base |
Boric acid will react with glycerin to form __________, wich is used as a __________. |
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◾ Muriatic acid ◾ Spirit of sea salt ◾ Marine acid ◾ Chlorhydric acid |
Synonyms of Hydrochloric acid |
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◾ NLT 35% ◾ NMT 38% |
Hydrochloric acid is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride gas containing __________ and __________ by weight of HCl |
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two volumes of H2O |
Non-fuming liquid solution can be prepared by diluting HCl with __________ |
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ionized; hydrogen gas |
HCl is more __________ than most acids and attacks many metals with the evolution of __________ |
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strong oxidizing agents; chlorine gas |
HCl can be oxidized by __________ resulting in the evolution of __________ |
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30% HCl; chlorine, arsenous, sulfurous acids and iron |
Muriatic acid contains __________ and a number of impurities including __________, __________, __________ and __________ |
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acidifying agent |
HCl is used as an __________ |
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Hydrochloric acid |
Utilized to convert normally water insoluble organic bases into water soluble ones |
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hygroscopic |
Disadvantage of HCl |
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◾ NLT 9.5 g ◾ NMT 10.5 g ◾ 100 mL of solution |
Diluted HCl is a solution of hydrogen chloride gas containing __________ and _________ in each _________ |
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gastric juice; 0.2% HCl |
Diluted HCl exists normally in the __________ (what percent), aiding in the conversion of pepsinogen ➡ pepsin and a gastic antiseptic |
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gastric juice; 0.2% HCl |
Diluted HCl exists normally in the __________ (what percent), aiding in the conversion of pepsinogen ➡ pepsin and a gastic antiseptic |
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Achlorhydria |
Absence of HCl acid |
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hypochlor-hydria |
Deficiency of HCl acid |
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◾ Spirit of Nitre ◾ Aqua fortis ◾ Aqua fuerte ◾ HNO3 |
Other names of Nitric acid |
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NLT 69% – 71% |
Nitric acid is an aqueous solution containing __________ by weight of HNO3 |
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Nitric acid |
It is highly corrosive fuming liquid having a characteristic, highly irritating odor. |
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Xanthoproteic test |
HNO3 produces a yellow stain on animal tissue due to aromatic amino acids present. This reaction is known as __________ |
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Nitric acid |
It is a strong monoprotic acid, oxidizing agent and nitrating agent |
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HNO2; photochemical decomposition |
Oxidizing property of Nitric acid is enhanced by the presence of __________, which is a product of __________ of HNO3 |
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Au and Pt; nitrate salt |
Nitric acid oxidizes common metals except for __________ and _________ to produce a __________ |
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Trinitrotoluene |
Nitrating properties of HNO3 is used in organic chemistry. Example, in the production of TNT which stands for __________ |
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◾ Used as an acidifying agent ◾ It is used in the manufacture of sulfuric acid, coal tar dyes, and explosives ◾ Used as a nitrating agent in Pyroxylin ◾ Source of nitrate ion in the preparation of Milk of Bismuth ◾ Used externally to destroy chancers and warts |
Uses of Nitric acid |
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soluble gun cotton |
Pyroxylin is also known as __________ |
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Orthophosphoric acid, H3PO4 |
Other names of Phospohric acid |
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◾ NLT 85% ◾ NMT 88% |
Phosphoric acid is an aqueous solution containing __________ and __________ by weight of H3PO4 |
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Anileridine Injection (used as an analgesic) |
Phosphoric acid is used as a solvent in the preparation of __________ |
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◾ NLT 9.5 g ◾ NMT 10.5 g |
Diluted phosphoric acid contains __________ and __________ of H3PO4 |
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Diluted phosphoric acid |
It is used as a tonic and stimulant to gastric mucuos membranes. |
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◾ Oil of vitriol ◾ Vitriolic acid ◾ Aceite de Vitriolo |
Other names of Sulfuric acid |
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◾ NLT 94% ◾ NMT 98% |
Sulfuric acid is a colorless, odorless liquid of oily consistency containing __________ and __________ of H2SO4 |
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Sulfur trioxide (SO3) |
When strongly heated (Sulfuric acid), it gives off white __________ fumes. |
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Sulfuric acid |
It is used as a dehydrating agent, oxidizing agent and sulfonating agent. |
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Oleum |
Commercial variety of sulfuric acid which contains about 10% of dissolved SO3. |
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Pyroxylin, USP |
Utilized (Sulfuric acid) as a dehydrating agent in the preparation of __________. |
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Contact or Catalytic Process |
Produces most commercial sulfuric acid today. Uses Vanadium and Platinized silica gels as catalyst. |
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Lead Chamber Process |
Produces the most concentrated H2SO4. Mainly used to manufacture fertilizers. |
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Glacial acetic acid |
Acetic acid is also known as __________ |
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Acetic acid |
Used as irrigation solution with some bacteriostatic properties |
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◾ Ammonium hydroxide ◾ Strong ammonia water ◾ NH4OH |
Other names of Strong Ammonia Solution |
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◾ NLT 27% ◾ NMT 30% |
Strong Ammonia Solution contains __________ and __________ by weight of NH3. |
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Caustic nature |
Use care in handling Strong Ammonia Solution because of the __________ of the solution and the irritating properties of its vapor. |
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Bronsted base |
Strong Ammonia Solution is used as a __________ |
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Nitric acid, sodium bicarbonate |
Strong Ammonia Solution is used in the manufacture of __________ and __________ |
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Aromatic Ammonia Spirit, Ammoniacal silver nitrate |
Strong Ammonia Solution is used in the preparation of __________ and __________ solution. |
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Ammonia water, Household ammonia |
Diluted ammonia solution is also known as __________ |
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◾ NLT 9g ◾ NMT 10g |
Diluted ammonia solution contains __________ and __________ of NH3 per 100 mL |
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Counter irritant |
Diluted ammonia solution is used externally as a __________ |
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◾ Slaked lime ◾ Calcium hydrate ◾ Ca(OH)2 |
Calcium hydroxide is also known as ___________ |
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Slaking process |
Calcium hydroxide is prepared from lime or calcium oxide through the addition of water in limited amounts in what process? |
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140 mg |
Calcium hydroxide solution (lime water) contains __________ of Ca(OH)2 per 100 mL of water. |
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◾ CO2 ◾ CaCO3 |
Ca(OH)2 solution has the ability to absorb __________ in the air to form __________ (this causes the cloudy appearance of Ca(OH)2 solution. |
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Fluid electrolyte, topical astringent |
Calcium hydroxide is used medicinally as a __________ and __________. |
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Caustic potash, Potassa, Potash Lye, Atzkali, KOH |
Potassium hydroxide is also known as __________ |
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Potassium hydroxide |
It is very deliquescent and rapidly absorbs both moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. |
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Potassium hydroxide |
It is a very strong base; rapidly destroys tissues |
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Base, alkaline |
Potassium hydroxide is widely used as a __________ and __________ reagent |
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Caustic soda, Sosa, Lye, Soda lye, NaOH |
Sodium hydroxide is also known as __________ |
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Sodium hydroxide |
Is a very strong base because it is highly ionized in solution. |
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Glass wool or asbestos |
Used when filtering NaOH solution. |
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Na2CO3 . H2O, monohydrated sodium carbonate |
Sodium carbonate is also known as __________ |
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Sodium carbonate |
Official as a monohydrate |
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50 deg. C, 100 deg. C |
Sodium carbonate will absorb moisture from the air but in warm, dry air at __________ or above, it will effloresce becoming anhydrous at __________ |
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Solvey Process |
Sodium carbonate is usually prepared by __________ |
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◾ Monohydrate - Na2CO3 . H2O ◾ Heptahydrate - Na2CO3 . 7H2O ◾ Decahydrate - Na2CO3 . 10H2O (sal soda, washing soda) |
What are the hydrated states of Na2CO3? |
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Soda ash, calcined soda |
Anhydrous state - __________ - it is hygroscopic and absorbs water to form the monohydrated Na2CO3. |
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Soda lime |
It is a mixture of Ca(OH)2 and NaOH or KOH |
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Metabolism tests, anesthesia, oxygen therapy |
Soda lime is used in __________, __________ and __________ |
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Potassium hydrogen carbonate, potassium acid carbonate |
Other names of Potassium bicarbonate |
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Potassium bicarbonate |
Used as a buffering agent in pharmaceutical preparations |
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Sodium hydrogen carbonate |
Other name of Sodium bicarbonate |
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Sodium bicarbonate |
Preferred in the preparation of effervescent preparations containing sodium bicarbonate and organic acids (such as tartaric and citric) |
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Buffer |
It is solution of a weak acid and its salt or weak base and its salt that resists drastic changes in pH when small amounts of acid or bases are added to it. |
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Buffer systems |
Pairs of related chemical compounds capable of resisting large changes in pH of a solution caused by addition of small amount of acid and base. |
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◾ Weak acid and the salt of its conjugate base ◾ Weak base and the salt of its conjugate acid |
Buffer systems are composed of a ___________; or a __________. |
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◾ Phosphate Buffer System ◾ Borate Buffer System ◾ Sorensen Buffer System |
What are the Inorganic Buffer Systems? |
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Sorensen Buffer System |
Modified phosphate buffer system by the addition of NaCl to make it isotonic with physiological fluid. |
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Feldman’s Buffer System |
Consists of an acid solution containing boric acid, sodium chloride (to make it isotonic), and an alkaline solution containing sodium borate. Disadvantage: Sodium borate is unstable |
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Atkin’s and Pantin Buffer System |
Consists of an alkaline solution of sodium carbonate and an acid buffer solution of boric acid and sodium chloride. Disadvantage: Too basic for most drugs |
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Gifford Buffer System |
Similar to Feldman's Buffer System but in place of sodium chloride, potassium chloride (KCl) is added to make it hypotonic. |
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Borax, sodium pyroborate, sodium tetraborate, Tincal |
Sodium borate is also known as __________ |
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Collyria (1-2%) |
Sodium borate is used in __________ |
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Borax soap |
Forms __________ which serves as an emulsifying agent in Cold Cream and Rose Water Ointment |
