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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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-mycin aminoglycosides are derived from
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Streptomyces
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-micin aminoglycosides are derived from
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Micromonospora
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aminoglycosides are used to treat
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Gram (-) rods
Brucella spp. Francisella tularensis Klebsiella spp. Psuedomonas aeruginosa Yersinia pestis Gram (+) cocci Enterococcus spp. Streptococcus agalactiae |
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MOA of aminoglycosides
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binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit
interferes with assembly of the ribosome and/or can cause the 30S subunit to misread the genetic code |
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why are aminoglycosides only effective against aerobic organisms?
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b/c they require an oxygen-dependent system that transports the drug across the cytoplasmic membrane
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why are aminoglycosides often combined with a β-lactam?
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they have a synergistic effect
β-lactams inhibit cell wall synthesis, which enhances the diffusion of the aminoglycosides into the bacterium |
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used to treat enterococci or Streptococcus agalactiae?
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gentamicin + penicillin G
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used to treat P. aeruginosa
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tobramycin
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used to treat Yersinia pestis
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streptomycin + doxycycline
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aminoglycoside that is not given parenterally?
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neomycin
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how is neomycin used?
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topically for skin infections
orally to prepare the bowel prior to surgery |
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the dose of aminoglycoside that is administered is calculated based on
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lean body mass b/c they do not distribute into fat
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where do high concentrations of aminoglycoside accumulate?
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renal cortex
endolymph & perilymph of inner ear |
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adverse effects of aminoglycosides
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ototoxicity
nephrotoxicity neuromuscular paralysis contact dermatitis (topical neomycin) |
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what ototoxic affects are caused by aminoglycosides?
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destroys the hair cells in the organ of Corti → deafness
affects the vestibular apparatus → vertigo & loss of balance |
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how do aminoglycosides cause nephrotoxicity?
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retention of the aminoglycosides by the proximal tubular cells disrupts calcium-mediated transport processes
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how do aminoglycosides cause neuromuscular paralysis?
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↓ in both the release of ACh from prejunctional nerve endings and the sensitivity of the postsynaptic site
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how do you reverse neuromuscular paralysis caused by an aminoglycoside?
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give calcium gluconate or neostigmine
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