Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Osteoporosis treatment
|
Bisphosphonates
|
|
|
Amikacin
Class Mechanism Spectrum of Action Combo Toxicity |
Class- Aminoglycoside, LEAST RESISTANCE
Mech- Bactericidal, 30s subunit Spectrum- Gram (-) bacteria Combo- Beta-lactams Toxicity- 1) Nephrotoxicity 2) Ototoxicity- Greater Auditory 3) NM blockade- MOST 4) Teratogen |
|
|
Gentamicin
Class Mechanism Spectrum of Action Combo Toxicity |
Class- Aminoglycoside, require O2 for uptake- ineffective against anaerobes
Mech- Bactericidal, 30s subunit, inhibits formation of initiation complex and mRNA misreading Spectrum- Gram (-) bacteria Combo- Beta-lactams, also w/ penicillins for endocarditis Toxicity- 1) Nephrotoxicity 2) Ototoxicity- greater vestibular 3) Teratogen 4) NM blockade |
|
|
Tobramycin
Class Mechanism Spectrum of Action Combo Toxicity |
Class- Aminoglycoside,
Mech- Bactericidal, 30s subunit Spectrum- Gram (-) bacteria Combo- Beta-lactams Toxicity- 1) Nephrotoxicity 2) Ototoxicity 3) NM blockade- LEAST |
|
|
Streptomycin
Class Mechanism Spectrum of Action Combo Toxicity |
Class- Aminoglycoside
Mech- Bactericidal, 30s subunit, Initiation, misreading, Elongation Spectrum- Gram (-) bacteria- Combo- Beta-lactams Toxicity- 1) Nephrotoxicity- LEAST 2) Ototoxicity- greater vestibular 3) NM blockade |
|
|
Ampicillin
Spectrum Combo Tx |
Bactericidal
Wider spectrum- Extended to some gram (–) HELPS kill enterococci (Haemophils, E coli, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella, eterococci) Combo- used with sulbactam Tx- Hospital acquired pneumonia, Intra-abdominal infection |
|
|
Amoxicillin
Spectrum Combo Tx |
Bactericidal
Wider spectrum-HELPS kill enterococci Haemophilus, E coli, Listeria, Proteus, Salmonella Combo- used with clavulinic acid Tx- Acute sinusitis, UTI |
|
|
Amphotericin B
Class Mech Tx Toxicity |
ANTIFUNGAL
Mech- binds to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, forming leaky pores Tx- Candida, Aspergillus, Blastomyces, etc. Toxicity- Nephrotoxicity is dose-limiting, chills fever |
|
|
Voriconazole
Mech Tx Toxicity |
Mech- Inhibit fungal p450 dependent enzymes, blocking ergosterol synthesis
Tx- ASPERGILLOSIS, broadest spectrum of all azoles, salvage for Scedosporium or Fusarium |
|
|
Ketoconazole
Mech Tx |
Mech- Inhibit fungal p450 dependent enzymes (C14 demethylase), blocking ergosterol synthesis
Tx- largely replaced by other azoles, super toxic due to inhibition of p450s |
|
|
Aspergillosis immunosuppressed Drugs
|
Voriconazole, Amphotericin B
|
|
|
Aspergillosis NON-immunosuppressed Drugs
|
Voriconazole, Amphotericin B, Itraconazole
Caspofungin |
|
|
Most common indications for systemic angifungal therapy (3)
|
1- Invasive candidiasis
2- Aspergillosis 3- Febrile neutropenia |
|
|
Trade name of Atorvastatin
|
Lipitor
|
|
|
Atorvastatin
Mech Tx Toxicity Drug interactions Side Effects |
Mech- competitive inhibitors of HMG-CoA reductase
Tx- Lower cholesterol Toxic- Myopathy, liver DI- metabolized by CYP3A4, grapefruit juice inhibits -Inhibit synthesis of coenzyme Q1- antioxidant -Teratogen in preg women and nursing |
|
|
Lovastatin- prodrug
Mech Tx Toxicity Drug interactions Side effects |
Mech- inhibits HMG-CoA reductase
Tx- Lower cholesterol Toxic- Myopathy, liver DI- metabolized by CYP3A4, grapefruit juice inhibits -Inhibit synthesis of coenzyme Q1- antioxidant Teratogen- pregnant women and nursing |
|
|
Simvastatin- prodrug
Mech Tx Toxicity Drug interactions Side effects |
Mech- inhibits HMG-CoA reductase
Tx- Lower cholesterol Toxic- Myopathy, liver DI- metabolized by CYP3A4, grapefruit juice inhibits -Inhibit synthesis of coenzyme Q1- antioxidant Teratogen in preg women and nursing |
|
|
Atovaquone
Mech Tx |
Antimalarial- malarone
Mech- disrupts electron transport Tx- P falciprum pneumocystosis carinii, toxoplasma gondii, |
|
|
Chloroquine
Mech Tx |
Mech- inhibition of heme polymerization-->high levels of heme is toxic
Tx- Malaria- plasmodium |
|
|
Mefloquine
Tx Toxicity |
Tx- Chloroquine resistant falciparum
Toxicity- Cardiac, don't use with Beta or Ca blockers, CNS DISTURBANCES |
|
|
Primaquine
Tx Toxicity |
Tx- given with chloroquine to end LIVER stages of vivax and ovale
Toxicity- G6PD deficiency-->hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Aztreonam
Class Tx |
Monobactam- beta lactam
Gram (-) -Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Serratia -Synergistic with aminoglycosides |
|
|
Methicillin
Tx |
Staph, Gram + pencillinase resistant
|
|
|
Penicillin
Mech Tx Toxicity |
Beta lactam Antibiotic
Mech- bind PBPs, inhibit transpeptidation of cell wall, activate autolytic enzymes Tx- Gram positive cocci and rods, negative cocci, spirochetes Strep, meningococcal, syphilis Toxicity- hypersensitivty |
|
|
Ticarcillin
Class Tx Combo |
Wider spectrum penicillin
Tx- Pseudomonas combo- Clavulinic acid |
|
|
Methicillin is rarely used because of
|
Nephrotoxicity
|
|
|
Cefotaxime
Tx Spectrum |
3rd generation
Tx- pneumonia, meningitis, gonorrhea Spectrum- BEST AGAINST- Staph aureus and Strep pyogenes |
|
|
Ceftazidime
Tx |
3rd generation
Tx- severe gram (-), Pseudomonas |
|
|
ceftriaxone
tx |
3rd generation cephalosporin
Tx- gonorrhea |
|
|
Cephalexin
Generation Spectrum Tx |
1st gen
Spectrum- Gram (+) cocci (Staph and Strep) , PEK- Proteus, E coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae Tx- UT infections |
|
|
cephalosporins
Mech Toxicity |
Similar to penicillin- bind PBPs
Toxicity- hypersensitivity, nephrotoxicity, bleeding 3rd generation enter CNS |
|
|
Cefazolin
|
1st generation
Drug of choice for surgical prophylaxis Spectrum- Staph and Strep Tx- UT infections |
|
|
Cephalothin
|
1st generation Cephalosporin
Spectrum- Staph and Strep, PEK- Proteus, E coli, Klebsiella Tx- UT infections |
|
|
Drug of choice for surgical prophylaxis
|
Cefazolin- 1st gen
|
|
|
Daptomycin
Class Mech Tx |
Cyclic lipopeptide
Mech- Causes depolarization and inhibition of DNA/protein synthesis Tx- alternative to vancomycin |
|
|
Vancomycin
Mech Tx |
Mech- Cell wall inhibitor
Tx- Gram + including MRSA and PRSP, Clostridium |
|
|
Red man syndrome associated with
|
Vancomycin
|
|
|
Ciprofloxacin
Class Mech Tx Toxicity |
Fluoroquinolines
Mech- Gram + topo IV, Gram - Gyrase Tx- Enteric gram negative (Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Shigella) 2- Urinary- pseudomonas Toxicity-FluoroquinoLONES hurt attachments to your BONES (Tendonitis) Don't take with antacids! |
|
|
Levofloxacin
Mech Tx |
Mech- Gram + topo IV, Gram - Gyrase
Tx- Gram - rods of urinary and GI tract community acquired pneumonia- chlamydiae, mycoplasma, legionella) |
|
|
Topoisomerase IV
|
Unwinding of supercoils, Gram positive
Inhibited by Flouroquinolones like ciprofloxacin |
|
|
Sulfamethoxazole
Mech Tx |
Mech- inhibits dihydropteroate synthase in folic acid synthesis
Tx- Gram Positive and Negative, Nocardia, Chlamydia URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS! ulcerative colitis, burns, malaria, toxoplasmosis |
|
|
Trimethoprim
|
Mech- inhibits dihydrofolate reductase in folic acid synthesis
Tx- |
|
|
Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Mech Tx |
Sequential blockade of folic acid synthesis
Tx- UTIs, Shigella, salmonella, Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia |
|
|
Calcitonin
Tx |
Decreases blood calcium and phosphate
-Decreases both osteoclasts and osteoblasts Tx- Paget's Disease and osteoporosis- 2nd line |
|
|
Vitamin D
Mech Tx |
increases resorption of Ca and PO4 and bone mineralization
Tx- Rickets, hypoparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, osteoporosis |
|
|
1st line for Paget's disease
|
Bisphosphonates
|
|
|
Parathyroid hormone
|
Increased calcium and decreased phosphate
|
|
|
Cinacalcet
Mech Tx |
mech- inhibits PTH secretion, activates the calcium sensing receptor
Tx- Hyperparthyroidism due to renal failure and hypercalcemia |
|
|
Caspofungin
Mech Tx |
Mech- inhibit B-glucan synthase and fungal wall synthesis
Tx- Invasive aspergillosis |
|
|
Griseofulvin
Mech Tx- |
fungistatic- not used much
mech- microtubules Tx- Dermatophytes |
|
|
Terbinafine
Mech Tx |
Mech- inhibits squalene epoxidation and ergosterol
Tx- Dermatophytoses (ringform) and esp onychomycosis (fungal nail infection) -Better than griseofulvan |
|
|
Chloramphenicol
mech Tx Toxicity |
Bacteriostatic
Mech- 50s Tx- Very broad spectrum, backup (Meningitis- Haemophilus, Neisseria, Streptococcus) Tox- Gray-Baby syndrome, aplastic anemia |
|
|
Tetracycline
Mech Spectrum |
Mech- blocks 30s preventing aa-tRNA binding
spectrum- VERY BROAD, gram + and -, Spirochetes VACUUM THe BedRoom Vibrio, Acne, Chlamydia, Ureaplasma Urealyticum, Mycoplasma, Tularemia, H pylori, Borrelia, Rickettsia |
|
|
Gray baby syndrome
|
Chloramphenicol
|
|
|
Clarithromycin
Mech Tx |
Mech- 50s
Tx- URIs, pneumonias, STDs, community acquired pneumonia in children -Longer half life than erythromycin |
|
|
Clindamycin
Mech Tx Toxicity |
Mech- 50s, bacteriostatic
Tx- Anaerobic (B fragilis, Clostridium perffringens) Skin and tissue infections, anaerobes above the diaphragm Toxicity- Pseudomembranous colitis |
|
|
Dalfopristin
|
50s,
Tx- VRE, MRSA |
|
|
Erythromycin
Mech Tx |
Mech- 50s, bacteriostatic
Tx- Gram + and -, URIs, pneumonias, STDs, Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia, Neisseria, Campylobacter |
|
|
Quinupristin
Mech Tx |
50s
Tx- VRE, MRSA |
|
|
Linezolid
Mech Tx |
Mech- 23S RNA of 50 s subunit, bacteriostatic
Tx- VRE, MRSA- alternate to vacomycin. PRSP |
|
|
Quinupristin-Dalfopristin- why together?
|
Bactericidal together
|
|
|
Doxycycline
Tx Toxicity |
Super long half life 18 hrs
30S GI elimination- can be used in pts with renal failure Tx- acute sinusitis, pneumonia Toxicity- Phonosensitivity VACUUM THe BedRoom |
|
|
Dihydrofolate reductase inhibited by
|
Trimethoprim
|
|
|
Folic acid- selective for bacteria because bacteria can't take up preformed folic acid
What drugs inhibit? |
Sulfonamides/Trimethoprim
|
|
|
Toxoplasmosis
|
Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole
|
|
|
Traveller's diarhhea Diarrhea caused by E coli, shigella, salmonella
|
Flouroquinolones (-FLOXACIN)
Ciprofloxacin |
|
|
Rickettsiae and Rocky mountain spotted fever
|
Tetracyclines
|
|
|
Chlamydia and Nocardia
Tx |
Sulfonamides
|
|
|
Cholestyramine
|
Bile acid resin
Prevent intestinal reabsorption of bile acids, liver must use cholesterol to make more Tx- Decrease LDL |
|
|
Clavulinic acid
|
Inhibitor of penicillinases
|
|
|
Tx for Pseudomembranous colitis
|
Metronidazole
|
|
|
cluvalanate combined with
|
Amoxicillin
|
|
|
Melarsaprol
|
Arsenic inhibits SH groups
-African sleeping sickness (Trypanosome) |
|
|
Tx for African sleeping sickness
|
Melarsaprol
|
|
|
Imipenim
Spectrum |
Beta lactam (carbapenem class), Broad spectrum, Beta lactamase resistant,
ENTEROBACTER, Gram + cocci, Gram - rods, anaerobes -Always administered with Cilastatin, which prevents its renal metabolism |
|
|
Ezetimibe
Mech |
Mech- inhibits cholesterol absorption
Tx- with statins, reduces LDL |
|
|
Niacin (2)
|
Lower triclycerides and LDL
Increases HDL |
|
|
Most potent agent for increasing HDL
|
Niacin
|
|
|
Cyanocobalamin
|
Vitamin B12
|
|
|
Folic Acid
|
For neural tube defects and megaloblastic anemia
-will not prevent neurological damage caused by Vit B12 deficiency |
|
|
Filgrastim
Mech Tx |
Mech-G-CSF to stiimulate neutrophils
Tx- Neutropenia in cancer chemotherapy |
|
|
Epoetin Alpha
|
Recombinant human erythropoietin
Tx- Anemia in renal failure and chemotherapy |
|
|
Oprelvekin
What Tx |
IL-11- stimulates platelet
Tx- Thrombocytopenia |
|
|
Diphosphonates
|
Bisphosphonates --dronate
Mech- Inhibit osteoclasts, formation of hydroxyapatite Tx- Hypercalcemia, Paget's, osteoporosis |
|
|
Estrogen
|
Steroid hormone
Feedback inhibits LSH and FH? |
|
|
Ethambutol
Mech Tox |
Anti-TB, inhibits arabinoglycan
-Red green color blindness |
|
|
Isoniazid
|
Mech- inhibits mycolic acid in TB
Tox- INH- inhibits nerves and hepatocytes |
|
|
Rifampin- 4Rs
|
Mech- inhibits DNA dependent RNA polymerase
Tx- Tb and leprosy RNA polymerase inhibitor Revs up P450 Red/orange fluid bodies Rapid resistance if used alone |
|
|
Pyrazinamide
Tx |
Tx- TB, good sterilizer at acid pH, gets rid of persisters
|
|
|
Exenatide
Mech- Tx |
Mech- glucagon like peptide 1, Increases insulin, decreases glucagon
Tx- Type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Metformin
Mech Tx |
Mech- decreaes gluconeogenesis
Tx- Type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Insulin
|
Mech- glycogen and TG storage
Tx- Type 1 and 2 diabetes |
|
|
Glipazide
Mech Tx |
Mech- increases insulin secretion from pancreatic B cells by closing K channels
Tx- Type 2 Diabetes |
|
|
Glycogen
|
Stored glucose
|
|
|
Fenofibrate
|
Mech- PPAR alpha agonist, upregulates LPL, Increases TG clearance
Tx- LOWERS TGS THE MOST, LDL, raises HDL |
|
|
Fibric Acid
|
Mech- PPAR alpha agonist, upregulates LPL, Increases TG clearance
Tx- Lowers TGs, LDL, raises HDL |
|
|
Gemfibrozil
Mech Tx |
Fibrate
Mech- PPAR alpha agonist, upregulates LPL-->Increases TG clearance Tx- Lowers TGs, LDL, raises HDL |
|
|
Iodine
|
Part of T3 and T4
|
|
|
Iodotyrosines
|
Precursor of thyroid hormones
|
|
|
Mandelic acid
|
Antibiotic for UTIs, probably not significant for exam
|
|
|
Mebendazole and Thiabendazole
Mech Tx |
Mech- Microtubules
Tx- Helminths, ascariasis, pinworm, whipworm |
|
|
Metronidazole
Mech Tx Toxicity |
Mech- bactericidal, antiprotozoal, disrupt electron transport, forming toxic metabolites that damage DNA
Tx- Drug of choice for pseudomembranous colitis, Anaerobic infections below the diaphragm GET GAP on the METRO Giardia, Entamoeba, Trichomonas, Gardnerella vaginalis, Anaerobes (Bacteroides, Clostridium), H. Pylori Toxicity- Disulfiram-like rxns with alcohol |
|
|
Mecasermin rinfabate
Mech Tx |
Mech- IGF1- growth hormone
TX- IGF1 and GH deficiency, promotes linear growth |
|
|
Methenamine
|
Mech- forms formaldehyde in urine
Tx- UT infections |
|
|
Methimazole and Propylthiouracil
Mech Tx |
Mech- blocks iodination rxn, reduces conversion of T4-->T3
Tx- Hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Methimazole
Mech Tx |
Mech- blocks iodination rxn
Tx- Hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Propylthiouracil and Methimazole
|
Mech- blocks iodination rxn, reduces conversion of T4-->T3
Tx- Hyperthyroidism |
|
|
Minocycline
|
Tetracycline with vesibular toxicity, long half life but doxycycline is longer
|
|
|
Priziquantel
|
Mech- increases calcium permeability, messes up their muscles
Tx-Trematodes (flukes) and cestodes (tapeworms) |
|
|
Niclosamide
Tx |
Tapeworms
|
|
|
Octreotide
|
Mech- analog of somatostatin
Tx- Acromegaly, endocrine tumors |
|
|
Somatotropin
what is it? |
Growth hormone
|
|
|
Somatropin
|
Recomibinant Growth hormone
|
|
|
Oxytetracycline
|
Tetracycline for acne, probably not on exam
|
|
|
Paromomycin
Class tx |
Aminoglycoside
Tx- Cryptosporidium, amoebiasis, leishmania Asymptomatic cyst passer |
|
|
Pegvisomant
|
Modified GH
ACROMEGALY |
|
|
Raloxifene and Tamoxifen
Mech Tx |
SERMS- estrogen receptor antagonists in breasts and bone
Tx- breast cancer (tamox) and osteoporosis (relox) |
|
|
Repaglinide
Mech Tx |
Mech- Stimulates secretion of insulin
Tx- Type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Ribavirin
Mech Tx |
Mech- inhibits synthesis of guanine by inhibiting IMP dehydrogenase
Tx- RSV, HCV |
|
|
Sitagliptin
Mech Tx |
Blocks DPP4 which inhibits incretin secretion (incretins increase insulin
secretion) So overall, increases insulin secretion Tx- Diabetes Type 2 |
|
|
Somatrem
What is it |
GH analog
|
|
|
Stibogluconate
Tx |
Leischmaniasis
|
|
|
Tamoxifen
Mech Tx |
Mech- estrogen antagonist
Tx- Breast cancer |
|
|
Teriparatide
|
Recombinant PTH
Some Osteoporosis |
|
|
Thiabendazole
Mech Tx |
Mech- Microtubules
Tx- Strongyloidiasis (threadworm) and trichinosis |
|
|
Sulfonylurea
Mech Tx |
Increase insulin secretion- bind K channel, depolarizes Ca channel
Type 2 diabetes |
|
|
Thyroxine
Tx |
also known as T4
Tx- hypothyroidism |
|
|
Tolbutamide
|
1st gen sulfonylurea- increase insulin release
Short acting, high toxicity, rarely used |
|
|
Vitamin B12
|
Cobalamin
|
|
|
Acarbose
What is it? Mechanism Tx |
alpha-glucosidase inhibitor
Mechanism- Reduces glucose absorption and blunts peak glucose levels after a meal Tx- Type 2 Diabetes |
|
|
Alendronate
Class Mechanism Tx |
Bisphosphonate- 2nd gen
Mech- 1) Inhibits osteoclasts by inhibiting farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase 2) inhibits bone resorption Tx- Osteoporosis, Paget's |
|
|
Risedronate
Class Mechanism Tx |
Bisphosphonate- 3rd gen
Mech- 1) Inhibits osteoclasts by inhibiting farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase 2) inhibits bone resorption Tx- Osteoporosis, Paget's |
|
|
Bisphosphates
|
(-DRONATE)
AIR Abendronate Ibandronate Risedronate |
|
|
Amylin
|
Hormone secreted in parallel with insulin
Mech- Inhibits secretion of glucagon, delays gastric emptying Tx- with insulin for type I or 2 diabetes |
|
|
Pramlintide
Tx |
Analog of amylin, secreted in parallel with insulin
Mech- Decreases glucagon, delays gastric emptying Tx- Type 2 Diabetes |
