Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Blood flows to the __ cells of the pancreas first. Where does blood flow go from here?
|
Beta cells. Blood flows from the beta cells to the liver.
|
|
|
Describe the enteropancreatic axis.
|
Gut hormones stimulate the release of insulin and glucagon, which are reabsorbed in the intestines.
|
|
|
How does glucose affect insulin and glucagon release?
|
Glucose stimulates insulin release, which inhibits glucagon release.
|
|
|
What are the three hormones that inhibit insulin secretion?
|
NE, EPI (both act on alpha receptors), and somatostatin.
|
|
|
Autonomic input for insulin secretion comes from the __.
|
Hypothalamus.
|
|
|
__ stimulate insulin and glucagon.
|
Cholinergics.
|
|
|
Describe how type I and type II diabetes differ in terms of beta cell function, onset, weight, and symptoms.
|
I - no beta cell function; rapid onset, underweight, N/V. II - beta cells normal with decreased insulin secretion, gradual onset, overweight, nocturia.
|
|
|
Diabetes is possible if patient’s fasting glucose is > __ mg/dl and glucose tolerance test ? __ mg/dl.
|
Fasting - 140 mg/dl. GTT - 200 mg/dl.
|
|
|
Insulin is stored in the pancreas __ cells with as a crystal with what two ions?
|
Beta cells. Crystal with zinc.
|
|
|
Insulin release depends this ion.
|
Calcium
|
|
|
What is the goal of anti-diabetic agents?
|
To help the body use insulin better.
|
|
|
Sulfonylurea MOA.
|
Stimulate pancreas to release more insulin because potassium pump is inhibited and plasma glucagon is decreased.
|
|
|
Name two first generation sulfonylureas.
|
Tolbutamide (“orinase”) and chlopropramide (“diabenese”).
|
|
|
Name two second generation sulfonylureas.
|
Glipizide (“glucotrol”) and glyburide (“diabeta”, “micronase”, “glynase”, “pres-tab”).
|
|
|
Biguanide MOA.
|
Increase insulin sensitivity by hepatic gluconeogenesis and increase peripheral insulin sensitivity.
|
|
|
Metformin is a __.
|
Biguanide.
|
|
|
These drugs are rapidly eliminated by the kidneys, decrease liver glucose release, and rarely causes hypoglycemia.
|
Biguanide.
|
|
|
Why do biguanides cause stomach upset?
|
Because they accumulate in the intestines.
|
|
|
These drugs take 12-16 weeks to work because they act on PPAR-gamma receptors. Name the only one still on the market.
|
Thiazolidinedione. Pioglitazone.
|
|
|
__ stimulate insulin release via ATP-dependent K channels like sulfonylureas. What is the prototype drug?
|
Meglitinides. Repaglinide.
|
|
|
__ stimulate pancreas to release insulin over a short time period. What is the prototype drug?
|
D-phenylalanine derivatives. Nateglinide.
|
|
|
How do alpha glucosidase inhibitors work?
|
Inhibit intestinal enzymes to slow carb absorption.
|
|
|
These increase GLP-1 concentration to increase insulin secretion and suppress glucagon secretion.
|
DD-IV inhibitors.
|
|
|
These drugs enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppress elevated glucagon secretion, and suppress elevated glucagon secretion. Name the prototype drug.
|
Incretin mimetics. Exenatide (“Byetta”).
|
