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147 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
any substance capable of triggering immune response is called |
antigen |
|
shapes protruding from surface of antigen are called |
epitopes |
|
two pronged response to injury (2 phases) |
vascular, cellular |
|
vascular phase |
increased blood flow and cap perm in area |
|
cellular phase |
WBC clean and deactivate |
|
RBC aka |
erythrocyte |
|
platelet aka |
thrombocyte |
|
WBC aka |
leukocyte |
|
what stem cells make WBC and come from where |
hemocytoblasts from bone marrow |
|
the 4 different WBCs |
monocyte, macrophage, lymphocyte, granulocyte |
|
3 different granulocytes |
neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils |
|
leukocyte normal value |
4,000-10,000 |
|
below 4,000 means |
probably cannot fight infection |
|
above 10,000 means |
probably have bacterial infection |
|
granulocytes life span |
short |
|
granulocytes key defenders in |
acute infection and inflammation |
|
what are the first cells to arrive |
neutrophils |
|
neutrophils are considered what line of defense |
first |
|
if high neutrophils, this means |
really early infection |
|
neutrophils increased during (4) |
gout, RA, stress, cancer |
|
neutrophils decreased during (2) |
overwhelming infections, viral infections |
|
shift to the left is never |
a good thing |
|
shift to the left means |
bands are more elevated than segs |
|
mature neutrophils are called |
segmented neutrophils = segs |
|
immature neutrophils are called |
banded neutrophils = bands |
|
shift to the left indicates |
ongoing acute bacterial infection |
|
eosinophils elevate with what 2 things |
allergic reaction, parasites |
|
eosinophils decreased with what (1) |
steroids |
|
mono/macro life span |
3-4 times longer than granulocytes |
|
mono/macro elevate same time as |
neutrophils - just not as significantly |
|
mono/macro increase as what ages |
exudates |
|
mono is circulating in blood then |
develops into macrophage |
|
macrophage means what |
big eater |
|
mono/macro considered what line of defense |
second |
|
what do you know if mono/macro elevated |
longer term infection |
|
define agranulocyte |
less than 500 total WBC, absolute lack of or drop in WBC |
|
agranulocyte common in |
cancer, certain drugs |
|
define neutropenia |
less than 2,000 neutrophils |
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why is neutropenia a problem |
cannot defend against acute infection |
|
3 types of lymphocytes |
B cells, T cells, natural killer cells |
|
what cells have memory, why is this important |
B & T cells, they recognize past infections and can respond much faster |
|
need what to make antibodies |
B cells |
|
every mature T cell carries what |
a marker - making them recognizable |
|
3 immune responses |
humoral, cell mediated, interaction of both |
|
humoral response deals with |
B cells, and antibodies |
|
humoral aka |
immunoglobulin-mediated immunity |
|
immunoglobulin class example |
a little protection while waiting to figure out results of person got needle stuck from |
|
each B cell makes how many antibodies |
one specific antibody |
|
antibodies belong to what |
large molecules known as immnunoglobulins |
|
immunoglobulin for allergic reactions |
IgE |
|
IgE stimulates what (2) |
histamine, heparin |
|
cell-mediated response |
antigens that do not evoke the antibodies |
|
cell-mediated response involves what cell |
T cell |
|
cell-mediated response does what to target cells |
destroys |
|
cell-mediated response example |
reject transplant organ |
|
2 types of T cells |
regulatory, cytotoxic |
|
2 types of regulatory T cells |
helper, suppressor |
|
B cells need what to make antibody |
T cell's help |
|
helper T cells do what |
activate B T NK cells |
|
suppressor cells do what |
turn off the function of other cells |
|
cytotoxic cells do what |
directly attack infected or malignant cells |
|
NK cells contain what |
granules with potent chemicals |
|
T cells work primarily by |
secreting lymphokines |
|
lymphocyte primary function |
fight chronic bacterial and acute viral infections |
|
primary response |
occurs when antigen is produced |
|
secondary response |
memory response |
|
define allergy |
harmless substance perceived as threat and attacked |
|
allergic reactions related to what antibody |
IgE |
|
how IgE reacts |
IgE on mast cells > encounters specific antigen > mast cells release chemicals in granules |
|
chemicals in granules include () |
histamine, heparin, substances activating platelets, substances attracting eosinophils/neutrophils |
|
allergy inc sensory nerves results in |
itching, pain |
|
allergy vasodilation results in |
warmth, flushed, dec BP |
|
allergy bronchoconstriction results in |
sneezing, wheezing |
|
allergy in cap perm results in |
edema |
|
worry about what for anaphylactic shock |
airway |
|
allergic people thought to produce |
higher concentrations of IgE |
|
look for what for allergy tests |
wheal and flare |
|
why avoid antihistamines prior to allergy test |
it can prevent reaction that would normally occur naturally in person |
|
what is danger of allergy testing |
anaphylactic shock |
|
what drug should be available when doing allergy tests |
epinephrine |
|
what is in allergy shot |
little bit of diluted substance you are allergic to |
|
how do allergy shots help |
develop tolerance, trick immune system |
|
2 reasons moms are nervous about allergy shots for little kids |
lots of shots, scared will cause bad reaction |
|
inflammation is what kind of response (2) |
vascular, defensive |
|
inflammation typically begins after |
microorganism infiltration |
|
tissue must be what for inflammatory response |
must be alive and have functioning circulation |
|
difference between inflammation and immune response |
inflammation - injury immune - circulation |
|
inflammation tests often ordered for what Dx |
RA |
|
what substance causes inflammatory response |
histamine |
|
many mast cells cause what and how |
inflammation by degranulation and activating histamine |
|
histamine increases what |
blood flow of microcirculation |
|
serotonin increases what |
blood flow |
|
bradykinin increases what |
permeability |
|
prostaglandins do what |
increase vascular permeability and neutrophil chemotaxis |
|
Gross features of acute inflammation |
redness, warmth, pain, swelling, altered function |
|
non gross feature of acute inflammation |
fever |
|
redness and warmth from what |
substances causing vasodilation |
|
what substances cause vasodilation |
prostaglandins, histamine, bradykinin, serotonin |
|
pain from what substances |
bradykinin and prostaglandin |
|
swelling from |
more blood flow and permeability |
|
suppuration |
splinter reaction with blood in center, good |
|
abscess formation |
splinter reaction with pus in center, bad |
|
causation of fever |
triggered by proteins or fever producing substances released from inflamed site into blood stream |
|
fever causing proteins |
pyrogens |
|
granulation tissue aka |
scar tissue |
|
granulation tissue from |
more collagen |
|
granulation tissue occurs from |
too much tissue being destroyed from inflammation |
|
inflammation tx |
ASA, NSAIDS, glucocorticoids |
|
what does not have antiinflammatory properties |
tylenol |
|
type 1 hypersensitivity commonly called |
allergic reaction |
|
type 1 reactions are always when |
immediate |
|
type 1 reactions (4) |
systemic, anaphylactic, local, atopic |
|
type 1 reaction responsible cell is |
IgE |
|
type reaction caused by |
foreign protein (antigen) |
|
describe type 1 initial reaction |
IgE and Ag attach to mast cell releasing sensitized granules |
|
describe type 1 subsequent exposure |
granules in mast cells release histamine causing inflammation |
|
type 1 is what type of onset |
sudden |
|
ie of triggers of type 1 reactions (12) |
inherited allergies, lactose/dairy, animals, dust/pollen, bee stings, molds/fungi, wheat, eggs, peanuts, chocolate, shellfish, penicillin/cephalosporins |
|
which type 1 trigger most common for anaphylactic shock |
penicillin and cephalosporins |
|
type 1 reaction clinical manifestations (7) |
water red eyes, runny nose, sneezing, itching, wheezing, stomach cramps, abd pain |
|
type 1 tx |
OTC meds, remove trigger, benadryl, epinephrine |
|
long name for benadryl |
diphenalhydramine |
|
type 2 reaction occurs when |
immediate |
|
type 2 responsible cells |
IgG and IgM |
|
type 2 usually involves |
antigen on red or white blood cell or drug adhering to self |
|
type 2 reaction described |
AB reacts with Ag and complement Antibodies and leads to cell destruction |
|
range for type 2 reaction |
mild to life threatening |
|
type 2 needs to distinguish what |
self |
|
type 2 examples |
blood transfusion or mismatch (Rh+/-), autoimmune disease |
|
Rh +/- mom and babe |
erythroblastosis fetalis - kills newborn |
|
type 2 clinical manifestations |
fever, chills, instant headache, apprehension, chest pain, tachycardia, tachypnea, HTN |
|
type 2 sever clinical manifestations |
acute renal failure, circulatory collapse |
|
type 2 tx |
stop drug or blood immediately |
|
type 3 has what type response |
immediate |
|
cells responsible for type 3 |
IgG and IgM |
|
type 3 from |
body failing to rid self of Ab/Ag complex |
|
type 3 response |
complement released attracting neutrophils and macrophages activating immune response |
|
type 3 ie (5) |
systemic lupus, glomerulonephritis, serum sickniss, virus/bacteria, recurring infection |
|
glomerulonephritis |
CRF |
|
serum sickness |
take drug for week then have reaction |
|
type 3 clinical manifestations |
often vague, depends on organs involved |
|
type 3 tx |
antiinflammatory drugs, steroids, immunosuppressants (if severe) |
|
type 4 has what type response |
delayed - only one delayed |
|
type 4 responsible cell |
T cell |
|
type 4 ie |
TB, poison oak/ivy, hypersensitivity pneumonitis |
|
type 4 often in |
a sensitized individual is exposed |
|
type 4 tx |
antihistamines, corticosteroids |