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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pharmacon
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Drug or medicinal substance
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Logos
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Word or message (study of)
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Pharmacology
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Study of interactions between drugs and living systems
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Drug
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Any substance intended for human exposure capable of producing a change in a living system
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Living System
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Living organism, tissues and/or organs, cells, biochemical pathways, molecular
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Pharmacodynamics
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Action of a drug on living system; study of the action and resultant effect of substances upon living systems at all levels of integration
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Pharmacokinetics
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Action of a living system on drug
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The major objectives of Pharmacodynamics
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Primary action (site of action and mechanism of action), effect (consequences), quantitative (amount of drug and amount of effect that results)
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Receptor
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Coined by Langley and Erhlrich; the cellular substance which is directly involved in the elicitation of a drug's action
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Molecular level
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Action, Specificity, Pharmacological
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Specific Receptor
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Refers to the drug/receptor relationship (molecular level)
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Selective Receptor
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Refers to the subsequent effects
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Occupancy or Occupation Theory
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Based upon the law of mass action; the magnitude of the effect is directly proportional to the % of total receptors occupied by that drug at that time
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Rate Theory
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Not only the quantity of receptors occupied but the rate at which they are being occupied that is important in determining quantity of effect
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Induced-fit Theory (Molecular Perturbation Theory)
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Suggests that the amount of effect observed depends upon the amount of conformational twisting of the receptor when it is occupied by the drug
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Agonist
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Substance that binds to a receptor and produces the effect that we have defined in advance
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Antagonist
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Substance that binds to a receptor but does not produce the effect
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Affinity
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How well a substance binds to a receptor
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Intrinsic activity or Efficacy
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How much effect do we get for that binding
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Homergic
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two agonists
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Heterergic
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different effects
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Two drugs working by addition
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Substances are working toward the same mechanism of action; homergic
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Two drugs working by summation
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Working by different mechanisms, or the mechanism of action is unknown
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Two drugs working by potentiation
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Effect is greater than the additive effect
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Two drugs working by synergism
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Need x in order for y to have an effect
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Competitive Antagonism
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Substance binding/unbinding; rates of affinity/dissociation; need high affinity and flood with agonist
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Noncompetitive Antagonism
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Long acting; substance that binds to receptor and becomes permanently bonded; need to make more receptors
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Measure/Graded/Qualitative Data
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Changes in the measurement of a specific parameter in a subject or "system" are noted after various doses are applied
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Efficacy
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Greatest change in measurement; maximal effect
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Potency
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Amount of distance the curve lies from the Y-axis; NOT a measure of EFFECT but of how much drug is required to produce a certain level of effect
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Uses for Measure/Graded data
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Discover relationship between dose and effect for similar drugs and for determining the relationships when two drugs are put into the system at the same time
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Quantal Data
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"yes or no"; plot of dose vs. % of yes responses; the frequency distribution of dose vs % yes is usually Gaussian or normal or bell-shaped curve; which then integrates or accumulates into a sigmoidal curve
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Steep slope
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Less variability, greater confidence, median dose
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Uses for Quantal Data
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Determine relative potency and safety
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Therapeutic Index
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Toxic/Effective
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Margin of safety or safety margin
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TD5-ED95
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Safety Index
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TD5/ED95
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