Phar 442 - Introduction To Cns Pharmacology (Part 1/2)

Front 1

What are the six main parts of the CNS?

Back 1

1) Spinal Cord

2) Medulla

3) Pons

4) Midbrain

5) Diencephalon

6) Cerebral Hemispheres

Front 2

What are the three broader areas of the Brain?

Back 2

1) Forebrain

2) Midbrain

3) Hindbrain

Front 3

What are the functions of the Spinal Cord?

Back 3

i) Provides motor control of the limbs and trunk

ii) Receives and processes sensory information from the skin, joints and muscles of the limbs and trunk

Front 4

What does the Brainstem consist of ?

Back 4

Medulla, Pons and Midbrain

Front 5

What are the functions of the Brainstem?

Back 5

i) Provides motor control for the muscles of the head (via cranial motor nuclei)

ii) Receives sensory information from the skin and muscles of the head

iii) Contains other nuclei for special senses: [hearing, balance and taste]

iv) Brainstem relays information from spinal cord to forebrain and vice versa

v) Regulates arousal, awareness and sleep

Front 6

What are the functions of the Medulla Oblongata?

Back 6

i) Contains nuclei vitally linked to autonomic functions [breathing, control of heart rate and blood pressure]

Front 7

What are the functions of the Pons?

Back 7

i) Conveys information on movement and position of body

Front 8

"The pons is linked to the _______"

Back 8

Cerebellum

Front 9

What are the functions of the Midbrain?

Back 9

i) Controls many sensory and motor functions

ii) Coordinates visual and auditory reflexes

Front 10

What are the functions of the Diencephalon?

Back 10

i) Thalamus - Processes sensory information and relays to cerebral cortex

ii) Hypothalamus - Involved in autonomic, endocrine and visceral function

Front 11

What are the functions of the Cerebral Hemispheres?

Back 11

i) Important in memory and cognitive activities

Front 12

What are the structures of Cerebral Hemispheres?

Back 12

Consists of Cerebral Cortex and 3 deep lying structures;

i) Basal Ganglia

ii) Hippocampus

iii) Amygdala

Front 13

What are the two classes of the cells in the CNS?

Back 13

1) Nerve Cells

2) Glial Cells

Front 14

What are the four basic regions of the Neuron?

Back 14

1) Cell Body (Soma)

2) Dendrites

3) Axon

4) Presynaptic Terminals

Front 15

What are examples of Glial cells?

Back 15

a) Oligodendrocytes

b) Schwann Cell

c) Astrocytes

Front 16

"Glial cells outnumber neurons by a factor of 10-50 in the CNS" True or False?

Back 16

FALSE

Front 17

How does the number of Glial cells and Neurons compare in the CNS?

Back 17

Equal total number of Glial cells and Neuron.

But Glia to Neuron ratios differ dramatically from one general brain region to the next.

Front 18

What is the function of Schwann cells?

Back 18

Located in the periphery and envelops a single Axon, insulates it creating Nodes of Ranvier contribute to increased axonal conduction speed

Front 19

What are the functions of Glial Cells?

Back 19

1) Provides support, firmness and structure to the brain

2) Provide separation/insulation from other cells

3) Some Glial cells are scavengers, removing debris after injury or neuronal death

4) Buffers K+ ion conc, removes neurotransmitters (glutamate) during synaptic transmission

5) Important in axon guidance during development

6) Blood Brain Barrier

7) Nutritive Function

Front 20

Which type of Glial cell forms tight junctions surrounding endothelial cells to form the BBB?

Back 20

Astrocytes

Front 21

What are the functions of the Dopamine neural pathway?

Back 21

1) Reward (motivation)

2) Pleasure, Euphoria

3) Motor function (fine tuning)

4) Compulsion

5) Preservation

Front 22

What are the functions of the Serotonin neural pathway?

Back 22

1) Mood

2) Memory processing

3) Sleep

4) Cognition

Front 23

Which drugs act on the serotonergic (raphe) neurons?

Back 23

Antidepressant drugs

Front 24

Which drugs act on the dopamine neurons?

Back 24

Antipsychotic drugs

Front 25

"Drugs of abuse act on ______ and _______ pathways in the brain"

Back 25

Dopamine (DA) , Serotonin (5-HT)

Front 26

What is the function of CSF?

Back 26

1) Provides a mechanical cushion, protecting brain from impact with bony calvarium

2) Provides a route for nutrition and waste elimination

Front 27

Where is most CSF found in the brain?

Back 27

The Four ventricles of the brain

Front 28

What are the four ventricles of the brain?

Back 28

2 Lateral Ventricles, 3rd and 4th Ventricles

Front 29

"CSF is secreted by _________"

Back 29

Choroid Plexus

Front 30

What is the pathway of CSF circulation?

Back 30

1) Formed in the Choroid Plexus

2) Flows from Lateral ventricles into 3rd Ventricles

3) Flows from 3rd Ventricles and then into 4th ventricle

4) Circulates through the subarachinoid space which is bound by the pia mater and dura

5) Reaches deep sulci and depths of cerebral cortex

Front 31

How was the BBB discovered?

Back 31

Arose from dye experiments; where iv injections of dyes stained most tissues in the body but not the brain

Front 32

What is the BBB?

Back 32

Blood Brain Barrier:

Endothelial cells have extensive contact with projections from Astrocytes to form tight junctions.

Front 33

How do brain endothelial cells compare to peripheral endothelial cells?

Back 33

a) Brain endothelial cells are joined by tight junctions

b) Peripheral endothelial cells have large pores "fenestra"

Front 34

What are the multiple ways that substances can be moved across the cell membranes in the brain?

Back 34

1) Paracellular aqueous pathway

2) Transcellular lipophilic pathway

3) Transport Proteins

4) Receptor mediated transcytosis

5) Adsorptive Transcytosis

Front 35

"Not all the areas of the brain have a BBB" True or False?

Back 35

TRUE (E.g.Chemoreceptor trigger Zone)

Front 36

"Substances entering the brain are generally referred to as crossing the BBB" True or False?

Back 36

TRUE

Front 37

What are the factors that influence drug transport through the BBB?

Back 37

1) Blood Conc of Drug 2) Lipid solubility of Drug 3) Protein binding of Drug 4) Affinity and density of transport carriers 5) Polarity of drug 6) Possible enzymatic modifications within endothelial cells