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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"Cancer mortality rates have decreased in the last few years" True or False?
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TRUE
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What is a major risk factor for the increase and shift in cancer prevalence rates?
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Population Aging
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"Cancer is the leading cause of death in the developed world" True or False?
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False, it is the second leading cause of death afetr Cardiovascular disease
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"Cancer is the leading cause of death in Canada" True or False?
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TRUE
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What is the order of mortality of the types of Cancer in the developed world?
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1) Lung Cancer (Highest)
2) Breast Cancer 3) Colon Cancer 4) Prostate Cancer 5) Pancreatic Cancer (least) |
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"Pancreatic Cancer has lower incidence but has very high mortality rate" True or False?
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TRUE
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What is the definition of Cancer?
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The loss of normal cellular growth control
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What are some of the reasons for disruption in balance of cell growth and cell death? (2)
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1) Uncontrolled Cell Growth
2) Loss of a cell's ability to undergo cell apoptosis |
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"Cancer can arise from a single transformed human cell"True or False?
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TRUE
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What are the four hallmarks of Cancer?
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1) Loss of Growth Control
2) Cellular Immortality 3) Immune System Evasion and Corruption 4) Genomic Instability |
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Why can cancer cells not function normally?
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Because they lose their cellular differentiation and organization
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What does the Cancer's "Corruption of the immune system" consist of?
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Turning on the signalling cascades to feed its own growth
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Chromosomal information is switched via _______
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Translocation
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What are the different stages of Cancer Development? (4)
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1) Presence of Abnormal Growth
2) Benign Tumor 3) Invasion to nearby areas 4) Metastasis |
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What is a "tumor"?
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(i.e. A neoplasm) Is the gradual increase in the number of dividing cells creating a mass
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What is a "Benign Tumor"?
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When the tumor is still contained within a single site where it first developed
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What is a "Malignant Tumor"?
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When the tumor has spread from its original site to other sites in the body
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What are the two mechanisms that Cancers use to spread to other sites in the body?
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1) Invasion
2) Metastasis |
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If melanoma arises in the skin and then spreads to the liver what is it referred to?
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Metasatic Melanoma. Melanoma with Liver Metastasis. NOT LIVER CANCER
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What are Oncogenes?
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Genes whose presence and/or over activity can stimulate development of Cancer
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What are Tumor Suppression Genes?
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Family of proteins that restrain cell growth and division
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What are DNA repair Genes?
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Codes for proteins who normally functions to correct errors that arise
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What is the normal function of Oncogenes?
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Normally functions to accelerate cell division and growth
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What is the normal function of Tumor Suppression Genes?
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Normally functions to slow down cell growth and division
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What are examples of Proto-Oncogenes?
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Growth Factors, Signalling Enzymes & Transcription Factors
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What are examples of Oncogenes?
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HER2, C-MYC, K-Ras
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What are examples of Tumor Suppressor Genes?
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P53, Rb, PTEN
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What are examples of DNA repair genes?
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BRCA1, BRCA2 and XPB
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Why do people with Xerodema Pigmentosum have higher chance of Skin Cancer?
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Because they have an inherent defect in a DNA repair gene
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What is the order of mutations in tumor formation?
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1) Mutation inactivates suppressor genes (=no brakes)
2) Mutation inactivates DNA repair gene 3) Mutation of Proto-Oncogenes -> Oncogenes (=stuck gas pedal) |
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Need at least how many mutations to become malignant?
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7
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How do chemical/radiations cause cancer?
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Act by damaging genes
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How do Viruses cause cancer?
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Introduces their own genes into cells
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How can cancer be hereditary?
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Passes on alterations in genes that make a person more susceptible to cancer
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What are the MOA of Anti-Cancer Therapies? (3)
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1) Affects Cell Survival
2) Affects Cell Growth Signals 3) Boosts our Immune System in its effort to combat the abnormal cells |
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What are examples of Cell Cycle Specific Therapies? (2)
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1) Attacks in various processes crucial to cancer cell replications
2) Inhibit Cell Division |
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What are examples of Non Cell Cycle Specific Therapies? (2)
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1) Damage Genetic Material (i.e. DNA)
2) Endocrine Therapy or Growth Factor Inhibition |
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What are the ways that a functional immune system may respond Cancerous cells? (4)
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1) Can damage/destroy some neoplastic cells
2) T-cells recognize abnormal cells and destroy them 3) Antibodies form for the abnormal cell protein 4) Interferons and Tissue Necrosis Factor(TNF) plays in elimination of abnormal cells |
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What are the common side effects of Cancer Chemotherapy? (5)
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1) Myelosuppression 2) Elimination Organ Damage (liver&kidney)3) Nausea and Vomitting 4) GI Disturbances 5) Hair Loss
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