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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pharmacokinetics
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The study of the Absorption, Distrubution, Metabolism, and Elimination of drugs: what the body does to the drug.
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Absorption
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The transfer of a substance across a biological membrane.
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Passive Diffusion
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Movement of compounds across a membrane from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration (most common mechanism).
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Active Transport
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When energy is requred for the transport, e.g. Amino Acids, Sugars, Vitamins are compounds that are actively transported across membranes.
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Solubility
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The ability of a substance to dissolve in a given amount of another substance.
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Lipids
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Compounds that are soluable in nonpolar organic solvents; the major compontents of cell membranes.
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Polar
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Having both negative and positive portions; water soluable; hydrophilic.
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Metabolism
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The chemical transformation of a drug into another form
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Sites of Drug Metabolism
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The liver (most important); also, kidneys, GI tract, skin, lungs and blood
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Channels in the cytoplasm that transport, store, synthesize, and package molecules, and provide support fo rthe cell; can be smooth or rough
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Endogenous
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Occurring naturally in the body
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Half-Life
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The time required for drug concentrations in the blood/ plasma to decrease by 50%
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First-Pass Effect
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The removal of a portion of a drug by the liver as it passes through the liver for the first time
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Additive Effects
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Occur when the combination of two drugs with a similar mechanism of action produces an effect that is greater than either drug administered alone
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Enteral Administration
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Oral; Buccal; Sublingual; Rectal
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Parenteral Administration
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IV; Subcutaneous; Topical; Intramuscular; Intrathecal; Inhalation; Intraperitoneal
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Blood-Brain Barrier
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Layer of tightly packed endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes that restricts the types of molecules that can pass into the brain
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Antagonistic effect
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Drug interaction in which one drug reduces the effectiveness of another drug
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Antagonist
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Compound that binds to receptors but does not produce the normal physiologic effect
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Potency
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A measure of the strength of a drug per unit weight of the drug
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Geriatrics
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the branch of medicine that deals with the physiology and diseases of old age; >65 years of age; Changes=GI Tract, body composition (decrease); circulatory changes.
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FDA Pregnancy Ratings
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A (no risk); B (animals risk/no-risk, humans not studied); C (animal risk to fetus); D (human fetal risk, use in life threatening cases); X (contraindicated)
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Contraindication
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Situation in which a drug should not be used because the risk of use clearly outweighs any possible benefit
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T or F: Foods and antacids can bind drugs and make them non-absorbable (chelation) and can be secreted instead of absorbed
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TRUE
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Teratogenicity
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The ability to cause birth defects or fetal death
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Adverse Reaction
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Undesired drug effect; side effect
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Area Under the Curve (AUC)
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A measure of the bioavailability of the drug
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Phase IV
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Post-marketing studies
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Proper sequence of drug development
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Pre-clinical testing, IND, NDA
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-itis
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Infammation
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-phagia
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Eating, swallowing
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-phasia
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Speech
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-megaly
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Enlargement
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-emia
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Blood
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-pathy
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Disease
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scler/o
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Hardening
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-ia
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Condition
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-rrhea
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Discharge flow
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-ole
-icle -ule |
Small, minute
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-algia
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Pain
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-osis
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Abnormal condition; increase
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Ante
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Before, in front of
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Hypo
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under, below deficient
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erythr/o
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red
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leuk/o-
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white
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hyper-
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over, above normal, excess
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end/o-
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in/within
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peri-
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around
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brady-
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slow
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dys-
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bad; painful; difficult
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tachy-
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rapid
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Neurotransmitters
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Dopamine, seratonin, and norepinephrin
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True or False
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Menenges cover brain and spinal cord
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Neurotransmitters (definition)
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Chemicals that transmit nerve impulses between synapses
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Diencephalon
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Part of the brain
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Synapse
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Space between two neurons or effector neurons
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Thrombus
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Stationary; aggregation of platlets, clotting factors attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery
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Cells
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The smallest structural units; organizations of various chemicals
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Tissues
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Organizations of similar cells
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Organs
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Organizations of different kinds of tissues
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Systems
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Organizations of many different kinds of organs
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Homeostasis
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Relative constancy of the internal environment; uses negative and positive feedback loops to maintain or restore homeostasis.
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Dorsal and Ventral
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Two major cavities of the body
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Dorsal cavity
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1. Cranial cavity contains brain
2. Spinal cavity contains spinal cord |
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Ventral cavity
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1. Thoracic cavity (heart, trachea, lungs)
2. Abdominopelvic cavity (stomach, liver, gall-bladder, pancreas, spleen, repro organs, bladder |
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Feedback Control Loop
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Highly complex and integrated communication control network, classified as negative or positive; more common=negative
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Atoms
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Smallest particle of a pure substance that still has the chemical properties of that substance; composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons
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Nucleus
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Central core of the atom contain
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Atomic number
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Total number of protons in an atom's nucleus
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Element
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A pure substance; made up of only one kind of atom
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Molecule
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A group of atoms bound together in a group
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Compound
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Substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom
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Chemical bonds
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Form to make atoms more stable; outermost energy level of each atoms is full; atoms may share e- or donate or borrow
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Ionic bonds
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Ions form when an atom gains or loses electrons in its outer energy level to become stable
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Covalent bonds
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From when atoms shared their outer energy to fill up and thus become stable; do not easily dissociate in water
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Ribosome
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Organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that synthesizes proteins; Protein factory
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Lysosome
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Membranous organelles containing enzymes that can dissolve most cellular compounds; digestive bags/suicide bags
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Organelle
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Cell organ
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Organic molecules
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Contain carbon-carbon covalent bonds or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds
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Inorganic molecules
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Do not contain carbon-carbon covalent bonds or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds (water, some acids, bases, salts)
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Neutralization
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Occurs when acids and bases mix and form salts
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Nucleic acids
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Made up of nucleotide units; sugar; phosphate; DNA; RNA; direct overall body structure and function
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DNA
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Cell's master code for assembling proteins; uses deoxyribose as the sugar and A, T, C and G as bases; forms a double helix shape
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RNA
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Working copy of a gene; uses ribose as the sugar and A, U, C and G as bases
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Phospholipids
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Phosphate-containing fat molecule; form membranes of cells
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Lipids
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Fats and oils
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Triglycerides
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Made up of one glyceral unit and three fatty acids; store energy for later use
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Atomic mass
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Combined total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
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Muscle tissue
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Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle |
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Urinary system
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System responsible for excreting liquid waste from the body
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Digestive system
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Organs that work together to ensure proper digestion and absorption of nutrients
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Spleen
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Largest lymphoid organ; filters blood, destroys worn out red blood cells, salvages iron from hemoglobin, and serves as a blood reservoir; part of the lymphatic system
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Phagocytosis
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Ingestion and digestion of articles by a cell; process permits a cell to engulf and eat foreign material
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Pinocytosis
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The active transport mechanism used to transfer fluids or dissolved substances into cells
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Synapse
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Junction between adjacent neurons; microscopic space between cells; place where impulses are transmitted from one neuron (presynaptic neuron) to another neuron (postsynaptic neuron)
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Neuron components
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Cell body, axon, dendrite
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Glia/neuroglia
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Special types of supporting cells; "glue" that holds the functioning neurons together and protects them
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Meninges
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Fluid-containing membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
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Neurotransmitter
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Chemicals by which neurons communicate
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Types of neurotransmitters
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Dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, endorphins, enkephalins, acetylcholine
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Diencephalon
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Small but important part of the brain located between the midbrain below and the cerebrum above; contsist of the hypothalamus and the thalamus
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Sympathetic nervous system
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Part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; functions as an emergency system; "fight or flight"
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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Part of the autonomic nervous system; ganglia are connected to the brainstem and the sacral segments of the spinal cord; controls many visceral effectors under normal conditions
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Endocrine
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Secreting into the blood or tissue fluid rather than into a duct; opposite of exocrine
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Exocrine
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Secreting into a duct; opposite of endocrine
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Beta Cell
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Pancreatic islet cell that secretes insulin
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Alpha Cell
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Pancreatic cell that secretes glucagon
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Prolactin
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Hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland during pregnancy to stimulate the breast development needed for lactation
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Hyperglycemia
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Higher-than-normal blood glucose concentration
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Hypoglycemia
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Lower-than-normal blood glucose concentration
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Erythrocytes
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Red blood cells
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Leukocyte
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White blood cells; defend the body from microorganisms that have succeeded in invading our body.
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Neutrophil
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White blood cell that stains readily with neutral dyes; most numerous of the phagocytes; functions in immune defense
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Thrombus
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Stationary blood clot
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Embolus
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A blood clot or other substance that is moving in the blood and may block a blood vessel
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Pericardium
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Membrane that surrounds the heart
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Mycardium
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Muscle of the heart
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Endocardium
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Thin layer of very smooth tissue lining each chamber of the heart
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Artery
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Vessel carrying blood away from the heart
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Capillary
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Tiny vessels that connect arterioles and venules
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Vein
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Vessel carrying blood toward the heart
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Systole
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Contraction of the heart muscle
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Diastole
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Relaxation of the heart, interposted between its contractions; opposite of systole
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Blood pressure
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The pressure or push of blood; Pressure of blood in the blood vessels, expressed as systolic pressure or diastolic pressure
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