Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
65 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Pharmacodynamics |
Study of mechanism of action, what it does |
|
|
Pharmakinetics |
Study of what the body does with the drug. How it is absorbed ect. |
|
|
Clinical pharmacology |
Optimal use of drugs in humans |
|
|
Toxicology |
Study of adverse effects of chemicals |
|
|
Original Food and Drug Act passed |
1906 |
|
|
Elixir sulfanilamide kills 107 people |
1937 |
|
|
Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act requires drugs to show safety |
1938 |
|
|
Sulfanthiazole tainted with phenobarbital killing/injuring 300+ people. Good Manufacturing Processes |
1941 |
|
|
Durham-Humphrey Amendment starts prescription only |
1951 |
|
|
Chloramphenicol causes 300 cases of deadly blood diseases. Lead to Voluntary Reporting of ADEs |
1952 |
|
|
Thalidomide babies lead to stronger proof of efficiency |
1962 |
|
|
Drug approval process |
Drug development, animal testing, IND application, Phases 1-4. |
|
|
Phase 1 |
Small groups of healthy people testing drug for safety |
|
|
Phase 2 |
Larger sample group, see if drug works |
|
|
Phase 3 |
Huge sample group, test safety/efficiency in different doses and populations. Use drug with other drugs. |
|
|
Phase 4 |
Out to the public. Med Watch reporting voluntarily by providers. |
|
|
Goals of rational prescribing |
Maximize benefit, minimize harm, conserve resources, respect pt autonomy |
|
|
Benefits of pt education |
Increased compliance, efficiency and safety |
|
|
What makes children special |
Meds not tested on kids. Metabolism and body composition different, reduced safety and efficiency, dose considerations |
|
|
What makes geriatric population special |
Liver and kidney function decreased, comorbidities and polypharmacy, dose consideration |
|
|
What is an ADE |
Adverse drug effect |
|
|
Type A Reactions |
Predicable, dose related. Due to MOA |
|
|
Type B reaction |
Idiosyncratic. Not predicted, pt specific. Usually immuno modulated |
|
|
Black box warning |
Literally in a black box when most severe and public needs to know |
|
|
ADME |
Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion |
|
|
Factors that affect drug outcomes |
Genetics, compliance, cost |
|
|
How to simplify a drug regimen |
Optimize dose before adding second drug, considered fixed-dose combination, extended release |
|
|
Tachyphylaxis |
When you become less sensitive to a medication. |
|
|
What needs to be on a prescription? |
Date, two identifiers for patient, practitioner name address and ID number, drug name strength and form, quantity prescribed, directions for use, number of refills, signature |
|
|
What is extra for a controlled substance on a prescription? |
Manual signature, printed on special paper, quantity written out and the number. |
|
|
Controlled substance ratings |
C1-CV |
|
|
C-I |
Not recognized for medical use, ex. Heroin |
|
|
C-II |
Cannot be refilled. Can write multiple at a time with specific fill instructions. Must be written and signed |
|
|
C-iii/C-v |
Maximum of 5 refills |
|
|
SIG |
The directions for medication including amount, route, and frequency |
|
|
QID |
Four times a day |
|
|
QHS |
Every bedtime |
|
|
Q4h |
Every 4 hours |
|
|
QWK |
Every week |
|
|
PO |
By mouth |
|
|
PR |
Per rectum |
|
|
IM |
Intramuscular |
|
|
IV |
Intravenous |
|
|
ID |
Intradermal |
|
|
IN |
Intranasal |
|
|
TP |
Tropical |
|
|
SL |
Sublingual |
|
|
BUCC |
Buccal |
|
|
IP |
Intraperitoneal |
|
|
PV |
Vaginally |
|
|
OS |
Left eye |
|
|
OD |
Right eye |
|
|
OU |
Both eyes |
|
|
AS |
Left ear |
|
|
AD |
Right ear |
|
|
AU |
Both ears |
|
|
I grain (gr)= |
0.065 grams 60mg |
|
|
15gr |
1g |
|
|
1g |
1000mg |
|
|
1mg |
1000 micrograms mcg |
|
|
1 kg |
2.2lbs |
|
|
1oz |
28.5 (30) mL |
|
|
1teaspoon (tsp) |
5mL |
|
|
1tbsp |
15mL |
|
|
1mL |
20 drops gtt |
