Pha450 Nervous System Exam 1

Front 1

What is the neurilemma?

Back 1

The outermost layer of the myelin sheath on nerves (i.e. myelin from Schwann cells in the PNS)

Front 2

Structurally speaking, Purkinje cell is a __________ neuron and is found in the brain in the _______________

Back 2

multipolar ; cerebellum

Front 3

Which ion is the major player in setting the resting membrane potential of a neuron?

Back 3

K+

Front 4

Describe the Na+ ion channel gates at resting membrane potential:

Back 4

The activation gate is close, while the inactivation gate is open

Front 5

Describe the Na+ ion channel gates during repolarization:

Back 5

The activation gate is open, while the inactivation gate is closed

Front 6

What is saltatory conduction?

Back 6

It is the propagation of action potentials down a myelinated axon

Front 7

How does Novocain (procaine) work to stop sensory transmission of pain?

Back 7

It blocks voltage-gated Na+ channels, which prevents the propagation of action potentials along sensory neurons, thereby preventing EPSPs

Front 8

A reflex arc is an example of ________ processing.

Back 8

serial

Front 9

Name the five biogenic amine neurotransmitters:

Back 9

norepinephrine (catecholamine)
epinephrine (catecholamine)
dopamine (catecholamine)
serotonin
histamine

Front 10

Name the four neuropeptides discussed in the lecture:

Back 10

endorphins
substance P
somatostatin
cholecystokinin

Front 11

What is the enzyme responsible for creating GABA? What does it use to make it?

Back 11

GAD
substrate: glutamate
co-factor: pyridoxal phosphate (B6)

Front 12

What is VIAAT and what neurotransmitters are associated with it?

Back 12

vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter, therefore it puts GABA and glycine into vesicles at the axon terminal

Front 13

What is the final metabolite of GABA metabolism?

Back 13

GHB (γ-hydroxybutyrate)

Front 14

What is an example of a glycine receptor antagonist?

Back 14

strychnine

Front 15

What is the enzyme that creates glycine?

Back 15

serine transhydroxymethylase

Front 16

What is the enzyme that makes glutamate?

Back 16

glutaminase

Front 17

True or false?: glutamate is changed back to glutamine by glutamine synthetase in the axon terminal.

Back 17

False: that happens in a glial cell

Front 18

Which group of metabotropic glutamate receptors are excitatory? Which g-protein do they use?

Back 18

group I ; g-q

Front 19

The ACh nicotinic receptors that can have α, β, γ, δ, and ε subunits are found where?

Back 19

neuromuscular junctions

Front 20

The ACh nicotinic receptors that can have only α and β subunits are found where?

Back 20

neurons in the ANS

Front 21

Which receptor does atropine antagonize?

Back 21

ACh M2

Front 22

Describe the catecholamine synthesis pathway, giving substrates and enzymes:

Back 22

tyrosine -(tyrosine hydroxylase)->
dopa -(dopa decarboxylase)->
dopamine -(dopamine beta-hydroxylase)->
norepinephrine -(PTMP)->
epinephrine

Front 23

What is the final metabolite of epi and norepi?

Back 23

VMA

Front 24

What is the final metabolite of dopamine?

Back 24

HVA

Front 25

Which parts of the brain release dopamine?

Back 25

The arcuate and periventricular nuclei in the hypothalamus; and the substantia nigra in the midbrain

Front 26

List the dopamine receptor families, their members, and the g-proteins they use:

Back 26

D1: D1 and D5, use g-s
D2: D2, D3, D4, use g-i

Front 27

What neurotransmitter is released by the locus coeruleus?

Back 27

norepi

Front 28

Which parts of the brain stem release epinephrine?

Back 28

lateral reticular nucleus

Front 29

Describe the synthesis of serotonin, giving the substrates and the enzymes:

Back 29

tryptophan -(tryptophan hydroxylase)->
5-HTP -(5-HTP decarboxylase)->
5-HT aka serotonin

Front 30

What is the major metabolite of serotonin metabolism (and while you're at it, what metabolizes serotonin)?

Back 30

5-HIAA

MAO-A

Front 31

What in the brain releases serotonin?

Back 31

the raphe nuclei in the brainstem

Front 32

List the serotonin receptors and give the g-protein each uses:

Back 32

5-HT1 - g-i
5-HT2 - g-q
5-HT3 - ionotropic, excitatory
5-HT4 - g-s
5-HT5 - g-i
5-HT6 - g-s
5-HT7 - g-s

Front 33

Which part of the brain is histamine released from?

Back 33

hypothalamus

Front 34

How is histamine synthesized?

Back 34

Histidine -(histidine decarboxylase)-> histamine

Front 35

No re-uptake transporter has been identified for which neurotransmitter?

Back 35

histamine
however, it does get back into the cell somehow

Front 36

What is the dominant metabolism pathway of histamine?

Back 36

histamine -(n-methyltransferase)->
n-methylhistamine -(MAO-B)->
n-methimidizole acetic acid

Front 37

What is the receptor for substance P and which g-protein does it use?

Back 37

neurokinin 1 ; g-q

Front 38

What are the 3 opioid neurotransmitters, and what do they do?

Back 38

mu, delta, and kappa
they close the Ca+ channels and open the K+ channels

Front 39

What does nitric oxide activate?

Back 39

guanylyl cyclase

Front 40

Which receptor does ondansetron inhibit? (And where in the brain is this receptor located?)

Back 40

5-HT3 (in the postrema)

Front 41

When mapping out the brain, the frontal lobe is ______ to the parietal lobe, but the pons is _______ to the cerebellum.

Back 41

rostral ; ventral

Front 42

The lateral sulcus separates which cerebral lobes?

Back 42

the temporal from the frontal and parietal

Front 43

What structure allows flow of CSF from the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

Back 43

interventricular foramen

Front 44

What structure allows flow of CSF from the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?

Back 44

cerebral aqueduct

Front 45

What are stellate cells?

Back 45

short-axon neurons in the cortex whose processes don't leave the cortex