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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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immunity
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free from burden! protection of body from a disease caused by an infectious agent or reaction to foreign substances
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innate vs. adaptive immunity
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1.) innate- non-specfic, no previous exposure required
2.) adaptive- specific, responding to particular antigens, using Ab |
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primary lymphoid system
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tissues responsible for the generation of lymphoid cells, which specifically react and respond to foreign antigens: bone marrow and thymus
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bone marrow
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stem cells that differentiate into various blood cells eg. RBCs, platelets, WBC's, lymphocytes
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thymus
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behind sternum, produces T cells, and thymosins that control T cells
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secondary lymphoid system
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lymphoid tissues contribute to innate and adaptive immunity by phagocytizing MO's; lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, appendix, peyer's patches
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lymph nodes
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small nodular tissue situated along lymphatic channels throughout the body: diff lymphocytes segregated into diff regions; react to antigens in lymph, canters for removing microbes
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spleen
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found in upper L quadant of abdomen; lymphocytes segregate here are responsible for rxn to Ag in the blood
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tonsils, appendix, peyer's patches
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-GALT- gut associated lymph tissue
-tonsils- contain lymphocytes -appendix- GALT haven for useful bacteria when illness flushes these bact from the rest of intestines -peyer's patches- GALT, lymph nodules major sites of Ab production vs mucosal pathogens |
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cells of the immune system
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blood consists of 60% plasma, 40% cells= RBC's, platelets, WBC's
1.) leukocytes- WBC's in periph. cellular component blood 2.) mast cells- assoc with allergies 3.) macrophage- big eaters destroy MO and larger particles 4.) phagoyctes 5.) dendritic cells 6.) fibroblast |
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phagocytes
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eat/engulf other materials; patrol through body removed dead cells and debris; guard skin and mucous membranes (smaller)
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dendritic cells
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found in spleen and lymph nodes; related to phagocytes
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fibroblast
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produces chemical "cytokines" involved in inflammation; also produce connective tissue to replace destroyed tissue
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non-specific (innate) immunity
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1.) physical and chemical barriers
2.) lymphocytes killer cells 3.) interferons 4.) inflammation |
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physical and chemical barriers
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defenses of various organ systems
physical- skin, mucous membranes chemical- saliva, mucus, gastric juices, lysozyme |
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natural killer cells- lymphocytes
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cellular defense
lymphocytes responsible for killing intracellular viruses and cancer cells |
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interferon
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molecular defense
-protein which enhances lymphocytes and help prevent viral infections from spreading -promotes production of anti-viral protein with cells to block viral rep |
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inflammation
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-body's response to tissue damage
-triggers: 1.) physical- blunt or sharp trauma; cut or abrasion 2.) chemical- toxic exposure (acid, base) 3.) bio- microbes |
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exogenous and endogenous chemical mediators (chemokines)
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proteins released to attract phagocytes to site of infection/damage
-exogenous- stimulus to the immune system eg. microbial cell wall |
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endogenous
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1.) histamine- released when cells are damaged and causes vasodilation --> greater blood flow to area
2.) prostaglandins--> vasodilation 3.) compltement- regulatory proteins produced in liver that circulate blood; directly involved in the lysis of bacteria and enveloped viruses, regulate inflammation and immune response |
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cellular mediatiors
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1.) mast cell
2.) neutrophil 3.) macrophage 4.) fibroblast |
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mast cell
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located throughout body, derived from bone marrow; involved in hypersensitivity reaction, produce histamine and prostaglandins
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neutrophils
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type of granulocyte called polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL). under skin a mucous membranes, react quickly to tissue injury
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macrophage
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larger cells that engulf and digest foreign materials and debris
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fibroblast
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produces cytokines involved in inflamm process
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site of inflammation
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the capillaries with one cellular layer called endothelium
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hemodynamic changes
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1.) vasodilation- release of histamine --> ^ dilation and permeability of blood --> ^ blood to affected area
2.) permeability changes- fluid build and swelling/edema occurs; allows macrophages to leave/enter affected areas 3.) leukocyte changes |
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leukocyte changes
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1.) margination- adhesion of leukocytes to walls of blood vessel
2.) pavementing- adhere to walls of cap 3.) emigration- passage of leuk through blood vessel cap walls 4.) chemotaxis- leuk attached to cause of inflamm. |
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phagocytosis
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WBC's engulfing foreign material
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phagosome
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structure in leukocyte that holds foreign material (FM), lysosomes surround FM and lysozyme degrade material --> phagocytosis
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phagolysosome
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phagosome with FM and lysozyme
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clinical manifestations of inflammation
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1.) redness- ^ blood flow to area
2.) heat- vasodilation ^ blood flow and possible stim. fever 3.) swelling- edema due to vasoldiations 4.) pain- type of peptide causes this; intensified by bradykinins and prostaglandins |
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naming of inflammation
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name of organ plus itis:
eg. eye- conjuctivitis, appendix-appendicitis, skin-dermatitis, brain-encephalitis |
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systemic signs
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1.) fever: normal= 98.6F (37C), fever: oral- 100.5 F, 104.F high, 109.5 is fatal, normal range 97-99.5F
2.) pyrogen- derived from cause of inflammation: exotoxins or endotoxins released from infectious agents, can stim body to resist thermostat to a higher temp |
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acute
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-untreated for days to weeks
-kills invading microbes -clear any tissue debris -typically host wins |
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chronic
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-inflammation- untreated for months to years
-parasite continues to cause tissue damage and pus forms -epith cells in "wall off" area- granulosa eg. tubercles-TB, lepromes- Hansen's disease |
