Pgs 101 Unit 2 Test

Front 1

A narrow passage leading from the pharynx to the cavity of the middle ear

Back 1

Eustachian Tube

Front 2

Three fluid-filled bony channels in the inner ear. They are situated at right angles to each other and provide information about orientation to the brain to help maintain balance

Back 2

Semicircular Canals

Front 3

The semicircular canals and cochlea, which form the organs of balance and hearing and are embedded in the temporal bone

Back 3

Inner Ear

Front 4

The spiral cavity of the inner ear containing the organ of Corti, which produces nerve impulses in response to sound vibrations

Back 4

Cochlea

Front 5

The air-filled central cavity of the ear, behind the eardrum

Back 5

Middle Ear

Front 6

the detection that a signal is being received

Back 6

Signal Detection

Front 7

Perceiving things without conscious awareness. Sensory impressions below the threshold of conscious awareness.

Back 7

Subliminal Perception

Front 8

The process of accommodation involves altering one's existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this process.

Back 8

Accommodation

Front 9

A physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or comes into contact with the body

Back 9

Sensation

Front 10

Learning in which the probability of a response is changed by a change in its consequences.

Back 10

Operant Conditioning

Front 11

ensory interaction refers to the interaction of the senses to each other and how they influence each other. Taste and smell are two senses that work together. Food tastes more bland when a person has a stuffy nose and can't smell it properly.

Back 11

Sensory Interaction

Front 12

one form of learning in which an organism "learns" through establishing associations between different events and stimuli. For example, when a neutral stimulus (such as a bell) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (such as food) which produces some involuntary bodily response all on its own (such as salivating), the neutral stimulus begins to trigger a response by the organism similar (some salivation) to that produced by the unconditioned stimulus. In this way, the organism has "learned" that the neutral stimulus equals something good (just like the unconditioned stimulus).

Back 12

Classical Conditioning

Front 13

With negative reinforcement the occurrence of a behavior is increased by removing an unpleasant stimulus. For example, your dog can avoid being spanked when it sits in response to your command.

Back 13

Negative-Reinforcement Conditioning

Front 14

prevents an event from occurring

Back 14

Avoidance Conditioning

Front 15

stop a negative event that is already in progress

Back 15

Escape Conditioning

Front 16

Feature detection is a process by which specialized nerve cells in the brain respond to specific features of a visual stimulus, such as lines, edges, angle, or movement.

Back 16

Feature Detection

Front 17

the ability to feel movements of the limbs and body

Back 17

Kinesthesis

Front 18

refers to an individual's ability to adjust to changes and new experiences, and to accept new information

Back 18

Adaptation

Front 19

refers to a process within operant and classical conditioning, where a conditioned response (CR) starts occurring in response to the presentation of other, similar stimuli, not just the conditioned stimulus (CS).

Back 19

Generalization

Front 20

also known as conditioned reinforcement in operant conditioning. Secondary Reinforcement refers to a situation wherein a stimulus reinforces a behavior after being previously associated with a primary reinforcer or a stimulus that satisfies basic survival instinct such as food, drinks, and clothing

Back 20

Secondary Reinforcement

Front 21

This is a behavioral term that refers to gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response (behavior) by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response.

Back 21

Shaping

Front 22

The type of learning that occurs, but you don't really see it (it's not exhibited) until there is some reinforcement or incentive to demonstrate it

Back 22

Latent Learning

Front 23

s the reappearance of a response (a Conditioned Response; CR) that had been extinguished. The recovery can occur after a period of non-exposure to the Conditioned Stimulus (CS). It is called spontaneous because the response seems to reappear out of nowhere.

Back 23

Spontaneous Recovery

Front 24

Humans are able to see things that are both far and near, and can actually identify where those objects are in space (meaning, they can determine if those objects are close or far away). This sort of depth perception requires both of our eyes, which is referred to as binocular cues (depth cues that requires both of our eyes).

Back 24

Binocular Cues

Front 25

is the distortion in size which closer objects have compared to objects farther away. It also involves groups of objects appearing denser as they move farther away. Also could be explained by noticing a certain amount of detail depending on how close something is, giving a sense of depth perception.

Back 25

Texture Gradient

Front 26

This refers to the ability of the body to adapt to an environment by filtering out distractions.

Back 26

Perceptual Adaptation

Front 27

is the basis of Gestalt Psychology. Gestalt Psychologists study how people integrate and organize perceptual information into meaningful wholes.

Back 27

Organized whole (Gestalt)

Front 28

This is the expectation of a person to see or perceive something based on prior experience. Writers sometimes use this concept in movie scripts in a humorous scene.

Back 28

Perceptual Set

Front 29

are drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow down body functions

Back 29

Depressant

Front 30

are drugs that arouse or excite the nervous system and speed up bodily processes

Back 30

Stimulant

Front 31

These are psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs that distort perceptions and produce sensory images (i.e., hallucinations) although there are no sensory stimuli that should produce such images.

Back 31

Hallucinogens

Front 32

A stimulus which increases the frequency of a particular behavior using pleasant rewards.

Back 32

Positive Reinforcement

Front 33

The occurrence of a behavior is increased by removing an unpleasant stimulus

Back 33

Negative reinforcement

Front 34

Any stimulus that represses a behavior

Back 34

Punishment

Front 35

are drugs that arouse or excite the nervous system and speed up bodily processes ie. cocaine

Back 35

Stimulant

Front 36

These are psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs that distort perceptions and produce sensory images although there are no sensory stimuli that should produce such images.

Back 36

Hallucinogen

Front 37

When an organism (does not have to be a human; can be another type of animal) becomes addicted to a substance, and then they are prevented from having that substance for an extended period of time, they go through a period of withdrawal. This period of withdrawal involves feelings of discomfort and distress.

Back 37

Withdrawal

Front 38

is a split in the mind in which there can be two independent streams of consciousness occurring at the same time, allowing some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others.

Back 38

Dissociation

Front 39

a somewhat disruptive response by the client to some topic they find sensitive. The reason it is sensitive is because it is the source or close to the source of the anxiety.

Back 39

Resistance

Front 40

your body is getting used to the drug causing a reduction in its effectiveness

Back 40

Tolerance

Front 41

is a sleep disorder where the affected individual falls asleep without warning

Back 41

Narcolepsy

Front 42

is the difference between the visual images that each eye perceives because of the different angles in which each eye views the world. Retinal disparity is important for depth perception

Back 42

Retinal Disparity

Front 43

is the area of the brain located at the rear of the head;l lobe is responsible for sight.

Back 43

Ocipital Lobe

Front 44

Cues of depth that can be detected by one eye instead of two. For example, size. One doesn't need two eyes to tell how large an object is, and because of its size, how close it is perceived to be.

Back 44

Monocular Cues

Front 45

purposely focusing your conscious awareness onto a specific stimulus. This means that if you are in a noisy place with lots of people and you purposely pay attention to the person you are speaking with, you are engaging in selective attention

Back 45

Selective Attention

Front 46

the ability to recognize that an object or organism has not changed even though other stimuli have changed. For example, when you go to a school reunion you will be able to recognize the other people from your class even though their physical characteristics may have changed such as increased weight, hair loss, etc.

Back 46

Perceptual Constancy

Front 47

One such visual illusion in which lights next to each other blinking on and off in succession appear to actually move

Back 47

Phi Phenomenon

Front 48

there is no learning necessary for them to be reinforcing. The conditioned reinforcer is learned. For example, many people bribe children with candy to clean their room or do their homework. If the parent continued to bribe their children with candy and also had them put a checkmark on a job chart, after a while the parents could stop giving candy and only have the child make the checkmark and it would still be reinforcing

Back 48

Primary Reinforcement

Front 49

olfactory

Back 49

Smell

Front 50

Transition between Three and Four
Large--Deep sleep

Back 50

slow delta waves

Front 51

type of brain wave that occur when a person is relaxed, but still awake; typically occur when you are falling asleep, as you pass from wakefulness into sleep (from wake into stage 1 sleep).

Back 51

Alpha Waves

Front 52

bursts of rapid, brain wave activity (Satge 2 Non REM)

Back 52

Sleep Spindles

Front 53

is a sleep period during which your brain is very active, and your eyes move in a sharp, back and forth motion as opposed to a slower, more rolling fashion that occurs in other stages of sleep. In addition, during a "normal" night of sleep, people have REM periods every 60-90 minutes throughout the night. These REM periods start off very light and short, but increase in intensity and duration as the night goes on. Majority of our sleep occurs during this time

Back 53

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

Front 54

the motion or speed of any object in respect to a particular point. For example, a ball thrown upward while in a moving object such as a bus, would be traveling the same speed with respect to the bus and would fall again in relation to that speed

Back 54

Relative Motion

Front 55

a comparison of the brightness of any two objects. This can be done through a specific mathematical equation or simply looking at them and making a judgment

Back 55

Relative Brightness

Front 56

Parallel lines appear to converge with distance. E.g., Railroad crossing accidents

Back 56

Linear Perspective

Front 57

The tendancy to have decreased repsponsiveness to something

Back 57

Habituation

Front 58

very powerful hallucinigeneic drug. Some common hallucincations include vivid images, bright colors, incredible shapes, and strange pictures. However, some people also experience very unpleasant effects such as panic and hysteria.

Back 58

LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)

Front 59

toxic or yellowish oily liquid; It acts as a stimulant in small doses, but in larger amounts blocks the action of autonomic nerve and skeletal muscle cells

Back 59

Nicotine

Front 60

A synthetic drug with more rapid and lasting effects than amphetamine, used illegally as a stimulant and as a prescription drug to treat narcolepsy and maintain blood pressure

Back 60

Methamphetamine

Front 61

type of sleep disorder in which the person has trouble in one of the following areas of sleep: falling asleep, staying asleep throughout the night, or waking up to early and not going back to sleep

Back 61

Insomnia

Front 62

a series of mental images and emotions occurring during sleep

Back 62

Dreams

Front 63

when a person dreaming becomes aware that he is dreaming, and is able to influence or control what happens.

Back 63

Lucid Dreaming

Front 64

5 minutes, hallucinations, weightlessness, alien abduction

Back 64

First Stage of Sleep

Front 65

20 minutes
Sleep spindles--bursts of rapid, brain wave activity
Sleep talking
1/2 of all night is spent in this stage

Back 65

Second Stage of Sleep

Front 66

A disorder that interrupts your sleep. Individuals wake overcome by fear and an increased heart and respiratory rate; Not REM (Do not remember dream)

Back 66

Night Terrors

Front 67

Bed Wetting, Sleepwalking

Back 67

Fourth Stage of Sleep

Front 68

reflex responses elicited by stimuli; generally not under voluntary control

Back 68

Respondent Behavior

Front 69

procedures resulted in higher levels of behavior than during delayed reinforcement

Back 69

Immediate Reinforcement

Front 70

The process of acquiring information by observing others. Learning to tie your shoe by observing another individual perform the task would be an example of observational learning.

Back 70

Observational Learning

Front 71

getting a reward for doing something that was intrinsically rewarding (it was fun to do all on its own) was now seen as totally different because they were getting rewarded for it. What happened was the kids no longer enjoyed playing with the toys. It became less about fun and more about "work". Still think that people do their best work if they get paid well for it?

Back 71

Overjustification Effect

Front 72

a recurring sleep state during which dreaming occurs; a state of rapidly shifting eye movements during sleep.

Back 72

Paradoxical Sleep

Front 73

a person's inability to recall events or information obtained while in a hypnotic state. This can occur naturally or through hypnotic suggestion. A hypnotist may suggest to a person under hypnosis that he or she will not remember specific information in a wakeful state or only remember specific information when he or she is ready.

Back 73

Posthypnotic Amnesia

Front 74

here are two main visual components necessary for a person to see an object properly; a figure (the object) and the ground (the background or surroundings in which the object occurs). Thus, when you look at a picture on a wall, the picture is the figure and you can distinguish it clearly from its surroundings, the wall (ground).

Back 74

Figure-Ground Perception

Front 75

motivated to perform specific behaviors to achieve promised outside rewards or to avoid punishment from others. You are not working at a job because you get a great feeling of personal satisfaction from it or because it makes you feel good about yourself (that you are a good person), but rather to gain some kind of reward.

Back 75

Extrinsic Motivation

Front 76

reinforcing an organism only sometimes and not everytime the desired behavior occurs. Think of trying to teach your dog to sit. Will he learn to sit faster if you reward the dog every single time he sits when you tell him to or if you reward him only sometimes? Of course he will learn to sit slower using this partial reinforcement approach.

Back 76

Partial Reinforcement

Front 77

Immediate reinforcement that occurs immediately after desired or undesired behavior occurs. This type of reinforcement has the strongest and quickest effect in controlling behavior. The longer the delay, the less likely the learning.

Back 77

Immediate vs. Delayed Reinforcement

Front 78

Those incentives that come with time. If choosing between sleep and studying for a test, getting a good grade on a test is a...

Back 78

Delayed Reinforcer