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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Wundt
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father of psychology in Germany, founded structuralism
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G. Stanley Hall
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Titchner
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Founded psychology in America, founded APA, Founded Functionalism
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Worked with Wundt to develop structuralism
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Watson
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James
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founder of Behaviorism
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Worked with Hall to develop functionalism
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Rogers and Maslow
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Freud
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Founders of humanistic psychology
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Founder of psycho-analysis
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Structuralism
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Functionalism
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study of structures of consciousness
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study of functions of conciousness
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Behavioralism
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methodological revolution, theories useless without testing
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Gestalt Psychology
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"the whole is greater than the sum of the parts", observing behavior is enough
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Psychoanalysis
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Humanistic Psychology
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Freud's talking cure or modern therapy
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the idea to study exceptional as well as troubled people
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Biological Psychology
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Evolutionary Psychology
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neuropsychology
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observing functional human commonalities
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Cognitive Revolution
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Qualitative Survey
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to see how closely thoughts are related (racism)
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set of questions designed to reveal attitudes and behavior, errors in self-reporting
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Natural observation
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Case Study
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obserers trained to record behavior, difficult to maintain discrete
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in depth investigation of single subject, easy to be subjective
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Descriptive Research
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good way to study topics that can't be ethically tested (malnutrition and birth defects), can't test cause and effect
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Correlational Research
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research to see if two variables are related
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Correlational Coefficient
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Positive and negative relationships
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numerical index that indicates the strength of relationship and what direction it's heading
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positive: both variables are going in the same direction, negative: variables are going in opposite direction
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Experimental Research
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IVs and DVs
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demonstrates if cause and effect relationship exists
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independent variables always cause dependent variable
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Random Assignment
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P-value
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used to erase sampling bias
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number that determines if a correlation is significant, must be less than .05 to be significant, over 1 means not significant
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Glia cells
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Neurons
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strucutre and insulation nerve cells
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recieve, integrate and transmit information neuron cells
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Resting Potential
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Neuron's stable negative charge when inactive, -70 mV
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Action potential
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voltage spike that travels along axon
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Absolute Refractory Period
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Postsnyaptic potentials
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brief time after action potential before another action can begin
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voltage change at a receptor site, either exitory or inhibitory (more or less likely to fire)
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Terminal button (bouton)
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Reuptake and enzyme activation
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small knobs at ends of axons that release nuerotransmitters at synapses
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process in which neurotransmitters are sponged up from synaptic cleft by presynaptic membrane
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Neurotransmitters
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Agonists
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fundamental to behavior, communicating information between neuron
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excite by mimicking or blocking uptake
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Antagonists
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Central Nervous System
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inhibit by blocking release or inhibiting receptors
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nerves in the brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral Nervous System
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made up of all nerves outside of brain and spinal cord
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Lower brain stem and cerebellum
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basic life functions, memory and emotion
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Higher cerebral hemisphere
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Highlights of lower brain
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functions via neural networks, perception, thought, language
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thalamus, hypothalamus, controls 4 Fs: fighting, fleeing, feeding and mating
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The Cerebrum
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hemispheric specialization
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handles complex mental activities such as thinking learning sensing and planning
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left: verbal, right: non-verbal, not exclusivity just specializied
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Plasticity of Brain
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Chromosomes, DNA, genes
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anatomical structure and functional organizatino of the brain
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chromosomes-threadlike DNA structures, genes-DNA segments that are key units to heredity
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Monogenetic and polygenetic
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sensory adaption
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traits influenced by only one gene pair vs. traits influenced by many gene pairs
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gradual decline in sensitvity to a stimulus with prolonged stimulation
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Distal stimuli
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stimuli that lie in the distance (world outside body)
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Proximal stimuli
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stimulus energies that impinge directly on sensory receptors
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Perceptual hypothesis
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Light waves: wavelength
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inference about which distal stimuli could be responsible for proximal stimuli sensed
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distance between peaks
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Light Waves: amplitude
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Light waves: purity
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height of waves
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how varied the light is
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Lens
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Pupil
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transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina
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small opening through which light comes into eye, changes depending on amoun of light
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Retina
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Fovea
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light sensitive surface on back of eyeball onto which image is focused
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tiny spot in retina that contains only cones, visual acuity greatest at this spot
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Rods
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visual receptors that distinguish black, white and gray, enable night vision, located around retina
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Cones
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distinguish colors and bright light, concetated in fovea
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Dark Adaptation
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Light Adaptation
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eye becomes more sentive to light in low illumination
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eyes becomes less sensitive to light in high illumination
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Optic Chiasm
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Three Major Feature Detectors
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point at which optic nerves from inside of each eye cross and project image to other side of brain
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neurons that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli (simple, complex and hypercomplex)
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Theories regardng color vision
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Opponent Process Theory
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Trichormatic theory-human eye has receptors sensitive to red, green and blue (eye does color mixing)
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color perception depends on receptors that make opposite responses to three pairs of colors
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Form (pattern) perception theories
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Gestalt Principles
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phi phenomenon-illusion of movement is visual stimuli in rapid succession, form is organized into figure and ground
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proximity, similairity, continuity, closure, law of good form (see complicated image in most simple form)
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Binocular and monocular cues
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depth perception based on image in either eye alone, binocular based on differing views of two eyes
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Perceptual Consistency
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tendancy to experience stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input
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Soundwaves: amplitude
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Sound waves: purity
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Loudness
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timbre
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Soundwaves: wavelenth
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outer ear
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pitch (high vs. low note)
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Pinna, sound-collecting cone
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middle ear
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inner ear
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three bones: hammer, anvil and stirrup serve to amplify changes in air pressure
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cochlea, fluid-filled coiled tunnel that contains hearing receptors
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Basilar membrane
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celia
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divides cochlea into two chambres, sound travelling through causes hairs to fire
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hairs in the inner ear that convert sound waves to neural signals
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Theories of Pitch Perception
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Place theory-we can hear pitch because of wher eit occurs, frequency theory-you percieve pitch becuase of rate which the whole membrane vibrates (entire thing vibrates but peak point determines pitch)
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Olfactory Perception
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stimulus-soluble chemicals, receptors-olfactory celia
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Gustatory System
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Tactile system
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receptors are taste buds (papillae) that detect the four basic tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty
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thermal, mechanical, or chemical energy, nerve cells recieve as one of four basic senses: temperature, pain, pressure, touch
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Kinesthetic System
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Vestibular System
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location/position of your body parts
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monitors how your body responds to gravity
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