Pg1 Apes Exam Review

Front 1

1)first law of thermodynamics

2)second law of thermodynamics

Back 1

1)energy is neither created nor detroyed, may be converted from one for to another.
2)when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is degraded into lower quality energy(usually heat)

Front 2

1)high quality energy and ex

2)low quality energy and ex

Back 2

1)organized and concentrated, able to perform useful work (oil and nuclear)
2)disorganized and dispersed (heat)

Front 3

1) units of energy

2)power and units

3)electromagnetic radiation and ex

Back 3

1)joules, calories, kilocalories, british thermal units-BTU, Kilowatt hours-kWh
2)the rate of doing work-watts and kilowatts
3)form of energy, travels as waves-radio waves, IR, visible light, UV, gamma rays

Front 4

1)ionizing radiation and ex

2)radioactive decay

3)half-life

Back 4

1) enough energy to knock electrons from atoms, forming ions, capable of damaging DNA-gamma, x-ray, UV
2)unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, aplha and beta particles
3)time it takes for 1/2 of the mass of a radioisotope to decay. radioisotope must be stored ~10 1/2lives before it has decayed to a safe level.

Front 5

1)nuclear fission and what its used in

2)nuclear fusion and where it occurs

Back 5

1)nuclei of isotopes are split apart into smaller nuclei; used in commercial nuclear reactors
2)two isotopes of light elements are forced together at high temperatures. happens on suns and stars, very difficult to accomplish on earth, extremely expensive

Front 6

1)parts of hrdrolic cycle

2)fate of precip

3)groundwater, aquifer, water table

Back 6

1)evaporation, (transpiration= evap from plants), condensation, precipitation
2)runoff or infiltration and percolation
3)underground water, water bearing layer in ground, upper surface of ground water.

Front 7

1)cone of depression

2)salt water intrusion

3)ways to conserve water

Back 7

1)lowering of water table around a pumping well
2)overpumping of gwater near coast causes saltwater to move into aquifer
3)agriculture-drip irrigation, industrial-recycling, home use-fix leaks, use gray water, low flow fixtures

Front 8

1)distribution of water on earth

2)major macronutrients

3)carbon and largest resovoir

Back 8

1)97 seawater, 2 ice caps and glaciers, <1 gwater, surface, orgs and atm.
2)CHNOPS, micronutrients and trace elements are needed in small amounts
3)component of all organic molecules- sedimentary rocks, then ocean

Front 9

1)photosynthesis

2)cellular respiration and aerobic

Back 9

1)process by which plants convert co2 to complex carbohydrates(c6h12o6), removes c from atm
2)orgs break down carbs, release energy, returns c to atm-requires O

Front 10

1)processes that release c to atm

2)carbon-silicate cycle

Back 10

1) cellular resp, decomposition, fires, burning fossil fuels, volcanoes
2)slow, geological: c in oceans used by marine orgs ends up in ocean sediments are subducted into earths crust, eventually returned through volcanic venting.

Front 11

1) n

2)n fixation

Back 11

1) component of proteins and amino acids
2)n2 is converted to ammonia NH3. bacteria do this(rhizobium living symbiotically in legumes)