Pg Test 3 Chapter 10

Front 1

Zone of Saturation

Back 1

ZOne wher all open spaces in sediment are completely filled with water

Front 2

Groundwater

Back 2

Water in zone of saturation

Front 3

Belt of soil moisture

Back 3

A zone in which water is held as a film on the surface of soil particles and may be used by plants or withdrawn by evaporation. The uppermost subdivision of the zone of aereation.

Front 4

Zone of Aereation

Back 4

Area above the water table where openings in soil, sediment, and rock are not saturated but mainly filled with air.

Front 5

Water table:

Back 5

The upper limit of the zone of saturation. Underneath the water table, water can be pumped because pressure is great enough to allow water into those wells, thus permitting groundwater to be withdrawn for use.

Front 6

Gaining streams

Back 6

these are streams that have gained water from the inflow of groundwater through the streambed. For this to occur the elevation of the water table must be higher than the level of the surface of the stream

Front 7

Losing Streams

Back 7

Streams that lose water to the groundwater system by outflow though the stream bed. When this happens, the elevation of the water table must be lower than the stream surface.

Front 8

Porosity

Back 8

this is the percentage of the total volume of rock or sediment that consists of pore spaces. This manages the quantity of groundwater that can be stored.

Front 9

Permaeability

Back 9

the ability to transmit fluids

Front 10

Aquitards

Back 10

Clay. These are impermeable layers that prevent or hinder water movement

Front 11

Aquifers

Back 11

Some particles such as sand and gravel have large pore spaces and there fore water moves with relative ease. These are permeable rock strata or sediments that transmit groundwater freely.

Front 12

Spring

Back 12

A flow of groundwater that emerges naturally from the surface

Front 13

Perched water table

Back 13

A localized zone of saturation above the main water table created by an impermeable layer (aquitard)

Front 14

Well

Back 14

The most common device used by people for removing groundwater. This is a hole bored into the zone of saturation

Front 15

Drawdown

Back 15

"the difference in height between the bottom of a cone of depression and the original height of the water table"

Front 16

Cone of depression

Back 16

A cone shaped depression immediately surrounding a well.

Front 17

Artesian

Back 17

"term is applied to any situation in which groundwater underpressure rises above the level of the aquifer" This describes a situation in which groundwater rises in a well above the level it was initially encountered.

Front 18

Causes of Artesian

Back 18

1. Water must be confined to an aquifer that is inclined so that one end is exposed at the surface where it can receive water
2. Impermeable layers (aquitards), both above and below the aquifer must be present to prevent the water from escaping.
**When such a layer is tapped, the pressure created by the weight of the water above will force the water to rise.

Front 19

Hot Springs

Back 19

A spring in which the water is 6 degrees to 9 degrees Celsius warmer than the mean annual air temperature than its locality

Front 20

Geysers

Back 20

A fountain of hot water ejected periodically from the ground.

Front 21

Geothermal energy

Back 21

Natural steam used for power generation. This is harnessed by tapping into natural underground reservoirs of stream and hot water. These occur where subsurface temperatures are high, showing relatively recent volcancic activity. Used for heating and to generate electricity.

Front 22

Caverns

Back 22

A naturally formed chamber or series of chamnbers most commonly produced by solution activity in limestone. most are created at or just below the water table in the zone os saturation

Front 23

Travertine

Back 23

Limestone formed by left over calcium carbonate. Also commonly called dripstone, an obvious refernce to their origin "A form of limestone that is depostited by hot springs or as a cave deposit"

Front 24

Stalactites

Back 24

Icicle like pendants that hang down from the ceiling of the cavern and form where water seeps through the cracks above.

Front 25

Stalagmites

Back 25

"The column-like form that grows upward from the floor of a cavern"

Front 26

Speleothems

Back 26

Stalactites, Stalagmites

Front 27

Karst Topography

Back 27

A type of topography that is formed over limestone, dolomite or gypsum by dissolution, and that is characterized by sinkholes, caves, and underground drainage.

Front 28

Sinkholes/sinks

Back 28

"a depression produced in a region where soluble rock as been removed by groundwater" Karst areas typically have irregular terrain punctuated with many depressions, called sinkholes or sinks.