Pg Test 1 Chapter 1

Front 1

Physical Geology

Back 1

Studies the materials composing the Earth and attempts to understand the processes that operate beneath and upon its surface

Front 2

Historical Geology

Back 2

examines the origin of the Earth and how Earth changed through time. Also attempts to extatblish a chronological order of the physical biologicla changes that have occurred.

Front 3

Catastrophism

Back 3

James Usher. The concept that the earth was shaped by catastrophic events that of a short term nature.

Front 4

James Usher

Back 4

Catastrophism. Mid 1600's. Determined Earth was created in 4004 BC

Front 5

Uniformitarianism

Back 5

States that the physical, chemical, and biological lawas that operate today also operated in the geologic past.

Front 6

James Hutton

Back 6

Uniformitarianism. 1975 published in Theory of the Earth. To understatnd the ancient, we must first understand present day "Present is key to the past"

Front 7

Relative Dating

Back 7

Means that events are placed int their proper sequence or order without knowing their age in years.

Front 8

Law of Superposition

Back 8

States that in layers of sedimentary rocks or lava flows, the youngest layer is on the top and the oldest is on the bottom

Front 9

Principle of Fossil Succession

Back 9

States thta fossil organisms succeed one another in a definite and dterminable order so that any time period can be recognized by its fossil content.

Front 10

Geological Time

Back 10

Contstructed before radiometric dating using the principle of Relative Dating.

Front 11

Earth's Sphere's

Back 11

Hydrosphere, Atmosphere, Biosphere

Front 12

Hydrosphere

Back 12

The water portion of our planet, one of the traditional subdivisions of Earth's physical environment. ** A dynamic mass of liquid that is continually on the move, from the oveans to the atmosphere, precipitating back to the land, and running back to the ocean again. 71% of Earth's surface is oceans, containing 97% of Earth's water

Front 13

Atmosphere

Back 13

The gaseous portion of a planet, the planet's envelope of air. Protects us from the sun's heat and radiation

Front 14

Biosphere

Back 14

includes all life on earth, and constists of the parts of solid Earth, hydorpshere, and atmosphere in which living organisms can be found.

Front 15

Solid Earth

Back 15

Geosphere

Front 16

System

Back 16

A group of interating, or interdependent parts that form a complex whole.

Front 17

Magma

Back 17

molten material that forms inside the earth

Front 18

Igneous Rock

Back 18

Product of magma.

Front 19

Formation of igneous rocks

Back 19

When magma cools down and solidifies, thus undergoing crystallization, for example after a volcano, the resulting rocks are igneous rocks.

Front 20

Sediment

Back 20

Come from Igneous rocks. After igndous rock has been exposed to the elements; wind, water, glaciers, etc, the particles and dissolved substances, called sediment, are deposited.

Front 21

Sedimentary rocks

Back 21

Come from sediment. Sediment is ususally lithified into sedimentary rock when compacted by the weight of overlying layers or when cememnbted as percolating groundwater fills the pores with mineral water.

Front 22

Metamorphic rock

Back 22

Becomes sedimentary rock "Rock formed by the alteration of preexisting rock deep within the Earth (but still in solid state) by heat, pressure, and/or chemically active fluids" The sedimentary rock will respond to being subjected to great pressures and or intense heat by changing environment and turning into metamorphic rock

Front 23

Theory of Plate Tectonics

Back 23

Breaks earths lithospehere into individual segments; plates are in constant motion. Where touching, relative movements will determine the geologic conditions there.

Front 24

John Wilson

Back 24

50 years after Continental drift, John Wilson proposed Theory of Plate Tectonics

Front 25

Seven Plates

Back 25

North America, South America, Eurasian, Pacific, Australian, Antartic

Front 26

Odd ball Plate

Back 26

Pacific because of the water underneath the plate. Composed of Basaltic Igneous rco so it is heavier. Goes downward when it comes into contact with the other plates.

Front 27

Types of Boundaries

Back 27

Diverging, Convergine, Transform Fault

Front 28

Divergent Plate Boundary

Back 28

When plates come into contact together and the two plates pull apart they are diverging. Two solid surfaces rip apart, water fills in gap. Molten material will rise and fill in that gap, new material from mantle CREATES NEW SEAFLOOR . EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY CAUSED, relatively shallow typically not large in magnitude

Front 29

Convergent Plate Boundary

Back 29

Train wreck. One rises over the other, continental, oceanic sent down into mantle. STRONG EARTHQUAKE CAUSED. Plates move together resulting in the SUBDUCTION OF THE OCEANIC LITHOSPHERE INTO THE MANTLE. Earth lithosphere material is DESTROYED because of subduction that exists. Mosely in the Pacific. DESTROYS NEW MANTLE.

Front 30

Transform Fault Boundary

Back 30

Grinding along boundaries occurs NO PRODUCTION OR DESTRUCTION OF LITHOSPHERE. LOTS OF EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY (not as intense as CPB) Plate boundary in California, seperates North America from Pacific Plate

Front 31

Seafloor Spreading

Back 31

Hyposthesis that new oceanic crust is produced at the crests of mid-ocean ridges, which are sites of divergence

Front 32

Harry Hess

Back 32

Proposed seafloor spreading in 1960's

Front 33

Subduction Zones

Back 33

A long, narrow zone where one lithospheric plate descends beneath another.