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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Polygenic inheritance
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Inheritance in which a combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible foe the production of a particular trait
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Fragile X syndrome
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A disorder produced by injury to a gene on the x chromosome, producing mild to moderate mental retardation
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Tay-Sachs disease
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A disorder that produces blindness and muscle degeneration prior to death; there is no treatment
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Chlorionic villus sampling (CVS)
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A test used to find genetic defects that involves taking samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo
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Amniocentesis
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The process of Identifying genetic defects by examining a small sample of fetal cells drawn by a needle inserted into amniotic fluid surrounding the unborn
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Germinal stage
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The first, and shortest stage of the prenatal period, which takes place during the first 2 weeks following conception
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Embryonic stage
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The period form 2 to 8 weeks following fertilization which significant growth occurs in the major and body systems
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Fetal stage
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The stage that begins at about 8 weeks after conception and continues until birth
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Fetus
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A developing child, from 8 weeks after conception until birthday
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Episiotomy
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An incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the baby to pass
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Apgar scale
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A standard measurement system that looks for a variety of indications of good health in newborns
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Anoxia
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A restriction of oxygen to the baby, lasting a few minutes during the birth process, which can produce brain damage
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Preterm infants
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Infants who are born prior to 38 weeks after conception (also known as premature infants)
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Low-birth weight infants
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Infants who weigh less than 2,500 grams
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Postmature infants
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Infants still unborn 2 weeks after the mother's due date
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Stillbirth
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The delivery of a child who is not alive, occurring in fewer than 1 delivery in 100
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Habituation
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The decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus
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Cephalocaudal principle
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The principle that growth follows a pattern that begins with the head and upper body parts and then proceeds down the rest of the body
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Proximodistal principle
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The principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward
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Principle of hierarchical integration
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The Principle that simple skills typically develop separately and independently but are later integrated into more complex skills
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Small-for-gestational-age
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Infants who, b/c of delayed fetal growth, 90% (or less) the average weight of infants at the same gestational age
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Very-low-birthweight infants
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weigh less than 2.25 lbs, or have only been in the womb less than 30 days
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State
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The degree of awareness an infant displays to both internal and external stimulation
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Dynamic systems theory
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A theory of how motor skills develop and are coordinated
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NBAS
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A measure designed to determine infants neurological and behavioral responses to their environment
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Nonorganic failure to thrive
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A disorder in which infants stop growing due to a lack of stimulation and attention as the result of inadequate parenting
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Multimodal approach to perception
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The approach that considers how information that is collected by various individual sensory systems is integrated and coordinated
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Affordances
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The action possibilities that a given situation or stimulus provides
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Assimilation
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The process in which poeiple understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development
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Accommodation
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changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events
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Sensorimotor stage (of cognitive development
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Piaget's initial major stage of cognitive development, which can be broken down into six substages
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Six sub stages of the sensorimotor stage
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1.simple reflexes
2.First habits and primary circular reactions 3.Secondary circular reactions 4.Coordination of secondary circular reactions 5.Tertiary circular reactions 6.Beginnings of thought |
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Goal-directed behavior
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Behavior in which several schemas are combined and coordinated to generate a single act to solve a problem
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Mental representation
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An internal image of a past even or object
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Deferred imitation
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An act in which a person who no longer present is imitated by children
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Information processing apporaches
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The model that individuals take, in use and store information
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Development quotient
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An overall developmental score that relates to performances in four domains: motor skills, language use, adaptive behavior and personal-social behavior
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Bayley scales of infantile development
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A measure that evaluates an infant's development from 2 to 42 months
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Language
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The systematic, meaningful arrangement of symbols, which provides the basis of communication
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Holophrases
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One word utterances that for a whole phrase, whose meaning depends on the particular context in which they are used
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Telegraphic speech
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Speech in which words not critical to the message are left out
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Underextension
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The overly restrictive use of words, common among children just mastering spoken language
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Overextension
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The overly broad use of words, over generalizing their meaning
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Referential style
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A style of language use in which language is used primarily to label objects
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Expressive style
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A style of language use in which language is used primarily to express feelings and needs about oneself and others
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Learning theory approach
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The theory that language acquisition follows basic laws of reinforcement and conditioning
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Navist Approach
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Noam chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure
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LAD
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a neural system of the brain hypothesized to permit understanding of language
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Infant-directed speech
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A type of speech directed toward infants, characterized by short, simple sentences
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Separation anxiety
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The distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs
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Social smile
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Smiling in response to other individuals
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Social referencing
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The intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances and events
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Theory of mind
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Knowledge and beliefs about how the mind works and how it effects behavior
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Attachment
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The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
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Ainsworth Strange situation
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A sequence of staged episodes that illustrate the strength of attachment between a child and his or her mother
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Secure attachment pattern
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A style of attachment in which children use the mother as a kind of home base and are at ease when she is present; when she leaves, they become upset and go to her as soon as she returns
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Avoidant attachment pattern
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A style of attachment in which children do not seek proximity to the mother; after the mother has left, they seem to avoid her she reutrns as if they are angered by her behavior
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Ambivalent attachment pattern
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A style of attachment in which children display a a combination of positive and negative reactions to their mothers; they show great distress when the mother , but upon her return they simultaneously seek close contact but also hit and kick her
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Disorganized attachment pattern
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Children show inconsistent, often contradictory behavior, such as approaching the mother when she returns but not looking at her; they may be the least securely attached children of all
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Mutual regulation model
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The model in which infants and parents lean to communicate emotional states to one another and to respond appropriately
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Personality
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The sum total of the enduring characteristics that differentiates one individual from another
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Trust vs. Mistrust stage
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According to Erikson, the persiod during which infants devleop a sense of trust or mistrust, largely depending on well ther needs are met by thier caregivers
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Autonomy vs. shame doubt stage
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Toddlers develop in independence and autonomy if they are allowed the freedom to explore or and self doubt if are restricted or overprotected
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