Pete 311 Test 2

Front 1

Mineral is defined as any ( ) salt that has ( ) form

Back 1

Inorganic
Salt

Front 2

Hydrochloric acid reacts with ( ) formation and does not react with () or ()

Back 2

Carbonate
sandstone
silica

Front 3

The main components in sandstones are (), (), and ()

Back 3

silica
clay
feldspar

Front 4

The main characteristic of clays is that they have a large ( )

Back 4

surface area

Front 5

When using the capillary viscometer, ( ) should be kept constant, no ( ) should be present inside the tube, and the tube should be exactly ( )

Back 5

temperature
air bubbles
vertical

Front 6

Adding a small amount of polymer to water significantly ( ) its viscosity and the fluid becomes ( ), which means that its viscosity may ( ) with changing the ( )

Back 6

increases
non-Newtonian
increase or decrease
shear rate

Front 7

The two main minerals in carbonate rocks are () and ()

Back 7

calcite
dolomite

Front 8

Two types of silicates are ( ) and ()

Back 8

clays
feldspars

Front 9

HF always reacts with clays first because of

Back 9

its large surface area

Front 10

( ) and ( ) are two types of non-Newtonian Fluids.

Back 10

Polymer solutions
slurry

Front 11

The tendency of a fluid to adhere to a solid in the presence of other imminence fluids is called ( ) Draw the stress vs. strain curve and label all the significant points

Back 11

wettability

Front 12

Write the expression for Poisson ration

Back 12

V = -Ey/Ex = lateral strain/axial strain

Front 13

Surface tension can be reduced using ( )

Back 13

surfactants

Front 14

Write at least four assumptions for applying Darcy's Law

Back 14

1. Newtonian Fluid
2. Laminar flow
3. Single phase flow
4. 1-d Linear flow
5. constant visocisty
6. constant grain size and shape.

Front 15

Define compressibility in porus rock

Back 15

C = - 1/v (partial V/partial P)

Front 16

The three types of formation compressibility are () () ()

Back 16

bulk compressibility
Matrix compressibility
Pore Compressibility

Front 17

The equivalent permeability of channels is ( ). The equivalent permeability of fractures is ( )

Back 17

d^2/32
b^2/12

Front 18

Average porosity for a discrete system with a specified number of channels/fractures is defined as ( ). Average permeability for a discrete system with a specified number of channels/fractures is defined as ().

Back 18

(Ѳcf*VBcf + Ѳma * Vbma )/Vb tot
Kcf * Acf + Kma * Ama / Atot

Front 19

Critical micelle concentration (CMC) is ()

Back 19

The concentration of surfactants needed to form micelles. This can happen when surface is saturated.

Front 20

Based on the head group, the four types of surfactants are

Back 20

1. cationic
2. anionic
3. nonionic
4. amphoteric

Front 21

Sonic logging is affected primarily by () and ()

Back 21

lithology
time

Front 22

In the pseudopressure approach (for linear gas flow), the pressure integral term is defined as

Back 22

integral of 2p/mew*z

Front 23

What is the range of pressure for pseudo pressure apprach?

Back 23

any

Front 24

Write down the equation to estimate the gas formation volume factor and state each term

Back 24

F = R0/R2 = a/Ѳ^-m

F= formation factore Brine
R0 : resistivity of 100% saturated sample
R2: resistivisty of saturating Brine
A = empirical constant (close to 1)
Ѳ : porosity
m: cementation factor (close to 2)

Front 25

In the derivation of linear gas flow equation, () condition is not an assumption.

Back 25

Psuedosteady-state flow

Front 26

Klinkenberg effect is more important for () permeabilities

Back 26

low

Front 27

We can use ( ) equation to consider the turbulent flow conditions

Back 27

FraCCheimer

Front 28

The unit of ( non-Darcy Coefficient in gas flow) in SI system is:

Back 28

Pa/s

Front 29

By increasing the pore pressure, the reservoir pore volume will decrease ( T of F) ?

Back 29

False

Front 30

In subsidence, the overburden pressure changes (T or F)?

Back 30

False

Front 31

Matrix compressibility is generally smaller than pore compressibility (T or F)?

Back 31

True

Front 32

The main indirect measurement of ( ) log is water saturation.

Back 32

induction (resistivity)

Front 33

Which of the logs below is not an active log?

Back 33

SP

Front 34

Hydrogen index is the direct measurement of () log

Back 34

neutron

Front 35

Water production highlights the following five potential problems:

Back 35

scale
bacteria
sanding problems
emulsion
loss of production

Front 36

These two factors () and () can significantly affecter interpretation of resistivity logs

Back 36

clays
filter cake

Front 37

These two waves () and () are used when running () logs

Back 37

P waves
S waves
Sonic

Front 38

In an oil wet reservoir the rock is covered or coated with

Back 38

oil

Front 39

Rock wettability plays a key role in (), (), ()

Back 39

production, chemicals used, acidization

Front 40

electrical conductivity of brine depends on () and ()

Back 40

Concentration of salt, temperature/type of salt

Front 41

Electrical conductivity of a sandstone core depends on (), (), (), and ()

Back 41

composition, phase saturation, wettability, and clay composition

Front 42

Gas formation factor is defind as ) and has the following usnits

Back 42

() adimensionless

Front 43

At the same saturation, how will the resitivity of a water wet core compared to resistivity of a non water wet core?

Back 43

it will be smaller for the water wet core

Front 44

Which is not true for a wetting phase fluid?

Back 44

it occupises most of the larger pore spaces

Front 45

Relative permeability is used when there are more than one () in the core. End points of relative permeability are determined at these two saturation () and ()

Back 45

fluid
Irreducible water satures
Sor

Front 46

Short cores are sometimes used in the lab to conduct various measurements, however, most of the time the results obtained are questionable because ()

Back 46

the cores are not long enough for the fluid flow to become stable

Front 47

Secondary flow is uusually generated following () and (). This type of flow will increase velocity components from () before () to () after

Back 47

Elbow joint, Y joints, laminar, the joint, turbelent

Front 48

Water soluble polymers are extensively used in the oil industry. They are used to (), however once used they changed () to ()

Back 48

rwar!

Front 49

Surfactants are used to reduce () between oil and water. They are also used to change () of the rock.

Back 49

surface tension
wettability

Front 50

Relative permeability polts can give indication on the () of the rock. This can be done by examining the ()

Back 50

wettability
end points

Front 51

Neutron log is based on the fact that () and it is used to determine the ()

Back 51

formations have hydrogen contenct that slows down neutrons
porosity

Front 52

The three methods (), (), () can be used to recover oil following () flood

Back 52

adding a gel, adding a polymer, CO2 flood, water

Front 53

The tendency of a fluid to adhere to a solid in the presence of another immiscilbe fluid is called ()

Back 53

wettability

Front 54

Which parameter does not affect wettability?

Back 54

Water saturation

Front 55

When a reservoir has local areas of strongly oil-wet, whereas most of it is strongly water-wet, it is called () wettability

Back 55

fractional

Front 56

In designing most chemical treatments, it is very important to look for the ratio of () to () permeability

Back 56

absolute to effective

Front 57

Both shale and sandstone contain () and () however, they differ in ()

Back 57

Clay,a nd feldsaprs
quartz content

Front 58

Clays and feldspars are both () the main difference between them is the presence of () in ()

Back 58

silicates
water in clay

Front 59

What action will you take when you acidize a sandstone reservoir that contains illite (), and chlorite ()?

Back 59

Use formic acid
HCL + chelating agent

Front 60

XRD stand for () and it is used to ()

Back 60

X ray defraction
identify cyrstal structure

Front 61

In sandstone formations, the sand grains are cemented together by () or (). the type of cemeting meateral can affect the way we () this formation.

Back 61

carbonate or clays
acidize

Front 62

For non-Newtonian fluids, the viscoisty depends on (), in addition to ()

Back 62

shear rate
Tao + composition

Front 63

This angle () is used to determine the wettability of the rock either () if () or () if oil wet

Back 63

contact angle
small (<90) if water wet
large (>90) if oil wet

Front 64

There is a similarity between Ohm's law and Darcy's equation. what would the resistance to flow in porous media based on these two equations?

Back 64

darcys: kA/mew
Ohm's law : R

Front 65

The mobility of phase A in a rock with a permeability K is

Back 65

K/mew

Front 66

One way to reduce the mobility of a fluid is to () it () which can ve done by adding a ()

Back 66

increase, viscosity, polymer

Front 67

Turbulent flow of a newtonian fluid in a pipe means that this number () shoulbe be () than () whereas this number () should be less than (0 to have this type of flow (). THe latter is needed to use () euqation

Back 67

reynolds greater,2100,
in a pipe, 1 , laminar, darcy's

Front 68

one of the functions of drilling fluids is to create a filter cake with () permeability. Filter cake represents a resistance o flow, which is in () with the formation resistance. The total resitance of he formation in the presence of a filter cake ()

Back 68

0, addition, infiinte

Front 69

What options do you have if your well is heavily damaged by drilling mud filter cake?

Back 69

scrape mud of the wall, acidize, fracture

Front 70

Turbulent flow means that are () in the fluid () results because of their presence. One way to address this problem is to use ()

Back 70

eddies, decreased production, surfactant to cause siippage along the pipe wall

Front 71

Archie euqation relates () with () it is used to determine ()

Back 71

formation factor, permeability, water saturation