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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Virtue (Machiavelli)
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manliness, courage
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Epistemology
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the study of knowledge
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Solipsism
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the notion that the self's thoughts is the only real object of knowledge
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Skepticism
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notion that it is impossible to have any certain knowledge of anything including science, religion, or yourself
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Dualism
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notion that mind and matter are two different entities
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Liberty (Hobbes)
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The freedom to realize your desires without impediments
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Liberty (Locke)
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more limited than license, every man has the right to life, liberty, happiness, and private property
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State of Nature (Hobbes)
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State of war in human interaction in the absence of effective government
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State of Nature (Locke)
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Before the institution of government, Humans are naturally social beings
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Natural Right (Hobbes)
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every man has the right to use his own power for the preservation of his own Nature and to realize his desires without impediments.
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Great Schism
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the division of the church after pope Gregory dies, two popes were elected (French Pope and Roman Pope)
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Natural Right (Locke)
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every man has the right to life, liberty, happiness, and private property
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License (Locke)
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pure unbridled freedom
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Faith (Luther)
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Faith occurs at the moment you recognize that all things in you are blameworthy, sinful, and damnable, for in that moment you realize you need Christ
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Babylonian Captivity
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When Pope Clement moves papacy from Rome to France
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Indulgences
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The remission of temporal punishment still due for a sin that has been sacramentally absolved
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Aristotle vs. Aquinas on Happiness
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Aristotle thinks philosophy is enough to acquire happiness here, not on earth but Aquinas thinks that faith must complement your living in order for you to be as happy as you can be here on earth, true happiness is to be found after this life
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2nd proof for the existence of God
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Efficient cause
things efficiently cause one another the cause is at least as great as the effect produced, because we witness causes and effects there must have been one cause that started all thesecauses and effects |
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Thomas vs. Aristotle on happiness and politics
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Aristotle
Humans are rational beings and rationality is our telos We fulfill our telos by contemplating/imitate perfect rationality Aristotle concludes ultimate human happiness comes in the activity of contemplation Thomas Human beings have a telos to be rational and love god Ultimate happiness comes from contemplating the source of all goodness and perfection God is the source of all goodness and perfection Concludes that contemplation of God will bring ultimate happiness |
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Petrarch on Christianity, fortune, death, and Roman heros
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wavers in faith, questions about what will happen when he dies
goes back to old stories with great Vir happiness rests in how well humans can free themselves from suffering |
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Machiavelli on fortune
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fortunes affects people who don’t prepare for it, fail to prepare, prepare to face fortune
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difference between Machiavelli and Petrarch
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petrarch just trying to rule himself for himself
machiavelli wants to rule other people for himself |
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Machiavelli's theory of virtue and prudence and how it differs from Aristotle
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man of practical wisdom wants to find mean between excess and deficiency but the good ruler wants to go in excess, prudence for Aristotle was all about doing the right thing in the right time for the right reasons but Machiavelli wants to do the right thing in the right time but not for the right reasons (what is most effective for me to remain in power)
prudence here means calculating, be shrewd, scheming vicious person for Aristotle looks like the good ruler for Machiavelli |
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Cause/Result of Great Schism
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Issue of money leads church to splitting and reunifying after the schism
If there are two Popes, which Pope is the authoritative Pope when it comes to matters of church doctrine? Skeptical of authority of either Pope People outside the church are starting to call church out on hypocrisy, they are guided by political and financial interests |
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Wycliffe
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You don’t get doctrinal authority from Pope, get it from scripture itself
distinguish the true church from the church on Earth, the institutional church we should institute a policy of poverty for religious figures Should translate bible into english |
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Hus
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brings Wycliffe's theories to Prague
go to the Ecumemical Council and gets burned at the stake |
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95 Theses
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iIf the pope can grant indulgences (which he can’t) than what is his motivation from charging other than for his own self indulgences, even the saints cant take years off their purgatory
only love and faith and Christ can save a person |
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Luther on justification by faith and his differences from Paul
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Justification by faith alone
Luther takes authority away from Pope and gives it to scripture Paul goes from justification from faith alone to establish a church that includes everyone whereas Luther goes from church to individual |
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Bacon's relation to Machiavelli (4)
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says can’t have enough charity, donation to humanity in general
Bacon turns humanity into a tool to conquer nature, Machiavelli turns man into animals to conquer each other Bacon there is a definitive technique, no technique for Machiavelli Machiavelli says no tradition at all, Bacon says I don’t want to deal with the old tradition but I want to start a new one |
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Bacon's reasons for the great instauration
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wanted to create a science that would be transferable from generation to generation in the same way that we are creating tools and invention that we hand down from generation to generation
wants to develop a method to eventually know as God knows |
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emergence of skepticism
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(16th and 17th Century)
people are trying to deal with two problems science (external) - new structure of universe, heliocentric model church (internal) - great schism, Martin Luther puts church's authority into question, people want to know where to turn to ground meaning of their lives |
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Decartes relation to skepticism
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Decartes is motivated to try and reestablish foundations for which religion and science can be rebuilt
want to see if he can disprove skepticism by doubting everything in order to find something that is certain |
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what are the types of skepticism Descartes employs?
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Senses, Reality, Math
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Senses (Decartes thoughts)
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not always certain, constantly giving conflicting information about the world
cant be measure for establishing certainty |
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Reality (decartes thoughts)
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the fact that there are senses whether they are right or wrong means that there is something there but since you can't always distinguish between dreams and reality, you can't use reality as a starting point either
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Math (decartes thoughts)
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concepts are real but they are not tangible
could be chance God is deceiving us 2+2 = 7? math cant be form of foundation of knowledge |
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4 characteristics of Cartesian doubt
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Methodological form of doubting
Universal form of doubting - doubt everything Provisional - if he can find something certain he will try to bring back all the things he originally discarded Theoretical |
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Descartes refutation of Skepticism
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if you say "I don't have a mind" then in some sense that is indubitable, if you are thinking then you must exist to do the thinking
performative contradiction - in the performance of uttering the statement "I doubt that I exist" you prove the opposite of what you have stated |
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Bob thinks therefore Bob exists
T of F |
False
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I think I see a light
T or F |
True
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I think therefore I am
T or F |
True
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anything that is anchored in the phrase I think is true
T or F |
True
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things that are certain
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thoughts
ideas pictures copies |
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things that are uncertain
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material, mathematical, reality, body, other persons, nature
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Problems with Decartes response to skepticism
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Problem of Generation (origin) - where do these copies come from?
Problem of Correspondence (resemblance) - do the ideas correspond to the things they are supposed to relate |
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How does Descartes prove god exists and that he is good?
What implications does this have? |
See Notes
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Formal vs. Objective Sense (decartes)
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Formal - thinking about thinking
(can't get anywhere so we throw this out) Objective - thinking about the "what" (use hierarchy to prove God's existence) |
