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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
**2 influences of science and technology |
Intellectual (how we understand and believe) Practical (how we act/behave) |
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Case studies |
Narrative structure- allows us to view process of discovering a theory |
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**Different Dimensions in the event of science |
Scientific content, personal elements (biography), available tools, larger scientific context, social and cultural setting, thematic presuppositions |
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Tools for DNA discovery |
large-scale models, and Franklins X-Ray defraction patterns |
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**"Plato's Problem" |
The world seems to be different than how it really is- saving the appearances |
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Steps of scientific discovery |
find a problem, construct a model, deciding if it fits, convince others, spread the word |
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**3 types of models |
Scale- used in engineering- exact same as thing but difference in size.
Analog- what you notice in real life that is similar in theory (atoms are structured like a solar system, etc) Theoretical- representational signs, abstract in imagination or words |
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**Theoretical Hypothesis |
Statement about a relationship between a theoretical model and the aspect it is representing |
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**2 parts of a scientific theory |
- family of models, - set of theoretical hypotheses |
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Data |
get it by physical interaction, must have reliable detection, reproducability |
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**Prediction, Projection, Retrodiction |
Pred- future time Projections- present time Retrodiction- back in time |
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Hypothetico |
Deductive method |
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**Indirect vs. Direct conformation |
Indirect- phenomenon agrees with a model. Like seeing with a microscope Direct- Data and prediction agree. Like seeing with a telescope |
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**3 types of reasoning |
Deductive-necessary consequence (indefeasible- derivation of predictions from models) Inductive- Probable consequence (defeasible- derivation of an evaluation of theoretical hypothesis Abductive- derivation of a hypothesis from phenomenon |
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Two Chain Model for DNA |
Predicted H2O amount (defeasible evidence), Predicted X-Ray diffraction pattern (indefeasible) |
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Case study of a HISTORICAL episode |
scentific context, context of justification, context of discovery, private development of practitioner, individual psychology, sociological setting, cultural setting, logic of science, themata |
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**Ptolemaic vs Copernican Model |
P- Earth is center of solar system and the planets and sun revolve around it C- Sun is center and the planets revolve around it. - Galileo proved it by phases of venus |
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Galileo |
Proved Copernican model, first person to use telescope, Ballistic motion |
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**3 principles to help Galileo solve Ballistic motion |
FIR Law of Free fall Principle of Inertia Principle of Relativity |
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The argument of a feather |
The tickle of a feather comes from the skin, not the feather |
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**Newton |
Had the idea of "bodies" or "corpuscles" that were little bodies with size and momentum (kind of like atoms) |
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Properties of Newtonian Bodies |
Position, Velocity, Acceleration, Mass, Momentum, Force |
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1st Law of Motion by Newton |
If there is no force acting on a body, the momentum will remain constant |
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2nd law of motion |
If there is a force acting on the body, that body will accelerate by an amount proportional to the strength of the force and inversely to it's mass |
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3rd Law of Motion |
If one body exerts force on a second, then the second exerts a force on the first that is equal in strength but opposite in direction |
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Halley's Comet |
He predicted comet,also convinced Newton to publish his work |
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**Darwin's Revolutionary Characteristics |
Naturalism- Nature is a self-propagating system Mechanism- Process of evolution is done by struggle to survive and not design Indeterminism- Probability, chance, and uniqueness in nature |
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**Darwin's 5 theories |
1. Evolution per se- the world is not constant, but ever changing 2. Common descent for all life 3. Multiplication of species (diversity) 4. Gradualism- no huge jumps between species 5. Natural selection- abundant variation and the most useful variation is selected for |
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What is Darwin's engine? |
Pattern+Copy mechanism+Variation+Selection+Reproduction= evolution |
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**Meaning of "Meaning" |
-Extension- show representations to show meaning -Intension- criteria for finding; defining |
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**Two species of Impression |
1. Vagueness- imprecise intensions 2. Ambiguity- imprecise extensions |
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**The Contrast Theory of Meaning |
The precision or informativeness of a claim is directly proportional to the range of possible meanings excluded by context (or "contextual reference") |
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Marginal Science |
-Has a lot of defeasible evidence, may not use a model to represent the world, deny the relevance of data that supports hypothesis, -Many predictions and the predictions are vague |
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** 3 Types of Judgement |
1. Analytic- judging that a sentence is true in virtue of logical form- not fals. 2. Synthetic- judging sentence is true in virtue of agreeing with an observable empirical fact- falsifiable 3. Value- asserts what ought to be the case- not falsifiable |
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Freud's 3 mechanisms of judgment |
Id- undifferentiated desires Ego- adjusting desires to make decision Superego-The choices, the menu |
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** What does statistics answer? |
- Prevalence of various characteristics exhibited by individuals - causes of characteristics exhibited by individuals |
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** 2 types of Statistics |
- Descriptive- deductive - Inferential- Inductive generalizations (reasoning from a sample to a population0 |
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** 2 constraints on samples to ensure inductive strength |
-Adequacy-large enough - Representativeness- prop. representation of every variable that affects the criterion variable |
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**Values of variables in a statistical model must be: |
exclusive (exhibiting only 1 value) and exhaustive (every item must exhibit some value) |
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Statistical distribution |
Range of variables expressed as a proportion |
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** Correlation |
relationship between 2 variables A causes B B causes A C causes A and B No cause |
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Causal Models of Individuals |
1. Deterministic- cause necessities- You have an individual, causal factor, effects, and Residual state If c-> e and nc ->ne= positive 2. Probabilistic- c is a probabilistic causal factor for E in I characterized by a residual state when the probability is greater or less with the presence of the cause |
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** Relying on opinions of experts is dangerous |
Plato |
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** 3 characteristics of scientific knowledge |
1. Scientific explanations must be naturalistic 2. Scientific hypotheses must be as simple as possible 3. Scientific claims must be testable (to have claims that are falsifiable) |
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**"Nullius in Verba" |
Don't tell me, show me |
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Scientism |
Misusing statements of science in areas where the may not be legit. applied |
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Physikoi |
Natural Philosophy |
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Milesians |
Thales, Anaximander, Anaximes |
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** 4 concepts that started the first scientific investigation |
1. cosmos- order 2. physis- natural world 3. arche-principle 4. logos- story Provide a logos of the arche of the cosmos of the physis |
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**What is the Arche asking? |
What cause change (kinesis) What causes multiplicity (monas/hoi polloi) |
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** Thales |
Fluids account for multiplicity and change. Predicted solar eclipse for 585 BC |
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** Anaximander |
Thales disciple. to aperion- the boundless |
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** Anaximes |
rarefied air is the principle of change and multiplicity |
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"Ex nihilo, nihil facit" |
Anaximander- out of nothing, nothing comes |
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** Episteme/Doxa |
Episteme- science Doxa- belief |
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Pythagoras |
Gave first proof using pi and showing it's infinity of decimals. Pythagoreans believed in "metaphysikois"- from psyche, travelling souls. this is why they were vegetarians. Finite amount of stuff, finite amount of space, Infinite amount of time. Things must happen again (eternal recurrence) |
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**Paradox |
Paradoxese- incredible, unexpected |
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** Paradox of origin |
anaximander |
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Babylonian thought |
knew concept of pythagorean theorem, but lacked proof |
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** Hiappasus's paradox (why he got floated at sea) |
1. physical reality has a math. structure. 2. Physical phenomenon can be expressed in numbers 3. numbers are integers or a ratio of integers 4. diagonal on unit square is not a ratio of integers Irrational= Incommensurables- were finally accepted in 1872 |
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**how to make any Pythagorean triplet |
a: any odd # b: (a^2-1)/2 c: b-1 |
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** Philospphy |
phila- love sophia- wisdom |
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istoria |
History |
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** Monism |
Believed in 1 thing causing change and multiplicity of the universe. From physis: Thales, Anaximander, anaximes, pythagoras From cosmos: Heraclitus and Parmenides |
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** Pluralism |
Believe more than one fundamental kind From vitalism (living forces)- Empedocles and Anaxagoras From mechanism (non-living forces)- Democitus, Leuccipos |
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** Heraclitus |
Said the world is always changing and that "fire" is the fundamental element. Things are made of parts, and you must have a force to cause change. Unity in opposites causes change and mulitplicity No beginnning - Cratylus- his disciple |
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** Parmenides |
The worlds doesn't change, but just appears to be changing |
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** Empedocles |
There's 4 roots and forces cause things to happen. (attraction and repulsion as well) |
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** Anaxagoras |
infinite seeds and something intelligent orders the seeds |
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** Democritus |
Atomism- Everything was made of small building blocks hooked together like velcro |
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** 2 spheres of human activity within Athenian Democracy |
-Polis (political)- all public -oeconomia- private realm |
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** Vocab: idiotes, ecclesia, arete |
idiotes- private person ecclesia- assembly arete- excellence in ethical behavior |
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Athenian life |
Had spoil system (random assignment of collectors), democracy, hired sophists to teach young about the arts of argument, literature, etc. |
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** The Sophists |
teachers of athenians, made shift from natural world theory to political and ethical world. Protagorus, Gorgias, Thrasymachus, Critias |
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** Protagorus |
"homo mansura" "man is the measure"- what is true is relative to person percieving |
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Gorgias |
"Anything can be proven" |
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Thrasymachus |
"might makes right" |
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Critias |
morality is a myth designed to empower rulers of the others |
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**Socrates |
Doesn't trust listening to sophists. "Sophists sell unknown goods to the soul" studied philosophy, tries to find out was goo and justice is. Seeked wisdom from some queen lady. Ti estin- what is it? Was killed when Athenians blamed him for loss of Peloponesian war. |
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** Vocab: Apologea, Symposium |
Apologea- defense Symposium- drinking fest (I could use that right about now) |
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** Plato |
Platon- broad shoulders Wrote Res publica The allegory of the cave and the Divided line stuff. |
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** Plato's Doctrine's |
1. Evil=ignorance 2. judgement comes from either sensation or intellect 3. Forms are the originals of which the individuals are copies 4. Human soul/mind is separate from the body. (Like a pilot on a ship) |
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** Aristotle's Doctrines |
Plato's pupil. 1. "Thought moves nothing" 2. Sensations are the transform of objects to the mind and intellect will generalize from the particulars 3. "Third Man argument"- only one world 4. The soul is the form of the body- can't separate in reality, only in thought |
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** Vocab: Heresy, Barbarian, Mathematics |
Heresy (heresius)- choice Barbarian (barbaros)- speaker of foreign language Mathema- a lesson |
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** Crucial Experiment |
cross roads, instance of the finger post |
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** What rule do we use to determine if a sample size is adequate? |
Law of Diminishing Returns |
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What are the two types of samples? |
random, stratified |