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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the definition of personality?
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The unique patterns of thought, emotion and behavior that endure across time and situations
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What is the relationship between therapy and personality?
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The goal of therapy is to make your personality work for you, through modifying emotions or behaviors
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What are the hallmarks of the field of personality (7)
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1) Theories
2) Lives of Personality Theorists 3) Therapy 4) Case study method 5) Factor analysis 6) Eclectic Approach 7) Childhood |
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Freud
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Psychoanalysis, Unconscious, Id-Ego-Superego, psychosexual theory, dream interpretation, emphasis on sex and agression
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Adler
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Individual Psychology, Social Interest, Inferiority Complex, Compensation Birth Order
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Jung
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Analytic Psychology, Dream interpretation, collective unconscious, archetypes, introversion/extroversion
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Horney
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Psychoanalytic Social Theory, feminine psychology, neurotic needs, three styles of relating
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Fromm
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Humanistic Psychoanalysis, Character Orientations, Relatedness
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Erikson
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Psychosocial Theory, Identity Crisis
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Cattell
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Factor Analysis, 16 Normal Traits
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Eysenck
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Factor Analysis, The Big 3
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Allport
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Cardinal And Central Dispositions, Proprium
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Rogers
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Self(Person-Centered) Theory, Client-Centered Therapy
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Maslow
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Need Hierarchy, Self-Actualization
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May
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Existential Personality Theory
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McCrae and Costa
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The Five Factory Theory of Personality
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Idiographic Approach
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studies individuals one at a time, no comparisons
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Nomothetic Approach
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groups of individuals are studied, compare personalities
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Type Approach
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personality comes in a limited number of distinct categories
categories of people with similar characteristics, qualitative |
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Trait Approach
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trait-- characteristic that makes one person different frmo another and/or describes that person's personality
describe a narrower scope of behavior compared to types, more precise descriptions |
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Factor Approach
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a statistically derived, quantitative dimension of personality that is broader than most traits
score rather than category |
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Culture
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personality traits shaped somewhat by cultural differences: genders, ethnicities, generational differences, social influences
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Implicit Theory of Personality
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An idea about perosnality that is held by ordinary perople (not based on formal theory)
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How is personality assessed by interviews? Benefits and Problems?
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+emphasis on individual personality, indepth, non experimental,
- alternate interpretations - no definitive analyses, no statistical tests or experimental support |
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How is personality assessed by objective tests? Benefits and problems with his method?
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Measurement, Correlational Studies, Experiements,
+ more scientific, objective analyses - reliability can be in question - validity can be in question - limitations in scientific controls |
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Major Projective Assessment Methods
Benefits and Problems? |
Rorschach inkblot test and TAT: present subjects with ambiguous stimuli to which they respond. (indirect approach)
+ acoid some of the shortcomings of verbal reports +may reveal material to which the person is unaware +avoids intentional deception and limitations of conscious experience - Reliabiltiy - Not scientific |
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Where did Freud attend school?
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University of Vienna, MD degree
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How many children did Freud have
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6
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What did Freud publish in 1900?
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The Interpretation of Dreams and started to publish case studies
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What happened to Freud in 1909?
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Went to Clark University in the US with Jung
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What happened to Freud in the early 1930s? 1938?
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Nazis came to his home, took his money, burned his books, took Anna but gave her back. Freud left for London in 1938
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What happened to Freud in 1885?
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Went to Paris, studied mental illness, became interested in hypnosis
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two fundlemental principles from which Freud never departed
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unconscious and libido?
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Freud--differences between conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
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conscious-- mental processes of which a person is aware
preconscious-- mental content of which a person is currently unaware but that can readily be made conscious unconscious-- mental processes of which a person is unaware |
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What are parapraxes?
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Freudian Slips
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Freud's definition of sex
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anything that gives you pleasure
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Freud's psychoanalytic theory
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behavior is caused by psychological forces, accordin gto the assumption of psychic determinism
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libido
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psychic energy, derived from sexuality
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oral stage
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the first psychosexual stage of development, from birth to age 1
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anal stage
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the second psychosexaul stage of development, from age 1-3
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phallic stage
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the third psychosexual stage of development, from age 3-5
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genital stage
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the adult psychosexual stage
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genital character
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healthy personality type
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Oedipus Complex
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conflict males experience from age3-5 involving sexual love for the mother and aggressive rivalry with the father
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Electra Complex
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penis envy, girls in phallic stage have anger toward mother for castration and shift erotic attachment to father
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fixation
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failure to develop normally through a particular developmental stage
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oral character
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personality type resulting from fixation in the oral stage, characterized by optimism, passivity and dependency
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anal character
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personality type resulting from fixation at anal stage, characterized by orderliness, parsimont and obstinacy
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phallic character
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personality type resulting from fixation at phallic stage. difficulties in superego formation, sex-role identity, sexual inhibition, sexual promiscuity and homosexuality.
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id
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unconscious, pleasure principle, desires, amoral, fantasy, dreams, primary process thinking most primitive structure of personality
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ego
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conscious, preconscious, unconscious, reality principle, mediator between id and super ego, secondary process thinking, delay gratification, defense mechanisms
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superego
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conscious, preconscious, unconscious, consciense (moral), ego-ideal standards
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pleasure principle
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the id's motivation to seek pleasure and to avoid pain
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primary process thinking
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unconscious mental functioning in which the id predominates, illogical symbolic thought
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reality principle
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the ego's mode of functioning in which there is appropriate contact with the external world
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secondary process thinking
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conscious mental functioning in which the ego predominates, logical thought
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defense mechanism
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ego strategy for coping with unconscious conflict, anxiety
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repression
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defense mechanism in which unacceptable impulses are made unconscious
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regression
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defense mechanism, reverting back to less mature behavior/feelings
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denial
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defense mechanism, unacceptable, conflicting information is repressed
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projection
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defense mechanism in which a person's own unacceptable impulse is incorrectly thought to belong to someone else
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displacement
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defense mechanism, energy is transferred from one object or activity to another
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reaction-formation
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defense mechanism, person thinks or behaves in a manner oppisite to the unacceptable unconscious impulse
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rationalization
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defense mechanism, resonable, conscious explanations are offered rather than true unconscious motivations
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intellectualization
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defense mechanism, person focuses on thinking and avoids feeling
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sublimation
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defense mechanism, impulses are expressed in socially acceptable ways
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Freud's dream theory
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Dreams are "the royal road to the unconscious", dreams disguise fulfillment of a repressed wish
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manifest content/dream
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the surface meaning of a dream
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latent content/dream
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the hidden, unconscious meaning of a dream
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free association
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psychoanalytic technique in which the patient says whatever comes to mind, permitting unconscious connections to be discovered
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day residue
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events from previous day end up in dream
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condensation
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combining of two or more images, characterisic of primary processes (dreams)
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transference
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in therapy, the patient's displacement onto the therapist of feelings based on earlier experiences (e.g. with the patients own parents)
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catharsis
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theraputic effect of a release of emotion when previously repressed material is made conscious
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insight
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conscious recognition of one's motivation and unconscious conflicts
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Jung's father
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pastor, gloomy, doubted faith
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Jung's mother
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mentally unstable, hospitalized many times
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Jung's childhood
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very lonely, raised as only child, extremely introverted, helped father with funerals, carved wooden man to keep him company, loved nature
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Jung in Zurich
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lectured at University when he was younger, started private practice, did some therapy on sail boat, became first president of the International Psychoanalytic Society (1910-1914)
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Jung's wife
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Emma, had 5 children
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personal unconscious
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part of unconscious derived from an individul's experience
determined by experience of a person in the world starting point: unconscious totality from which consciousness emerges |
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collective unconscious
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the inherited unconscious
includes several archetypes that serve as pattern of experience contained in human brain system, not dependent on personal experience to develop |
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the persona archetype
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a person's social identity, self-image
ex. weddings, clothes at graduation ceremonies |
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the shadow archetype
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the unconscious complement to a person's conscious identity, ofen experiences as dangerous and evil
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the anima
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the femininity that is part of the unconscious of every man
emotionality "a man's inner woman", represent Eros |
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the animus archetype
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- the masculinity that is part of the unconscious of every woman
- power, independence, logic, reason 'the paternal Logos' |
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The great mother archetype
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- we are all raised by mothers
- embodies positive and negative, associated with fertility and death |
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The wise old man archetype
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- instinctive masculine qualities with spiritual-- father figure
- teachers |
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The Hero
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- conquers enemies and wins battles
- overcome unconscious, come out stronger and more developed - internal psychic struggle to be individual - external battles with threatening forces in the world |
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Jung's interpretation of dreams
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- dreams as products of unconscious
- unresolved emotional complexes - both personal and collective unconscious - recall, amplification, active imagination |
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Analytic Psychology (Jung) therapy
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- assist unconscious in claiming its rightful role, challeging big ego.
- focuses on dreams and symbolic material - face to face - unconscious- ally, creative energy - focus on mid-life experience not childhood |
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introversion (Jung)
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withdraw from company, turn attention and libido inward, reflective
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exrtoversion (Jung)
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mix easily with people, direct energy and attention outward, unreflective
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thinking (Jung)
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psychological function in which decisions are based on logic
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feeling (Jung)
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psychological function in which decisions are based on the emotions they arouse
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sensation (Jung)
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psychological function in which material is perceived concretely in detail
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intuition (Jung)
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psychological function in which material is perceived with a broad perspective, emphasizing future possibilities rather than current details
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self-realization/individuation
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during the process of adulthood, unconscious aspects of personality are developed and integrated with those of consciousness in the development of a mature self. center of personality shifted away from the ego.
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mandala
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symbolic representation of the whole psyche, emphasizing cirlces and/or squares
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word association test
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developed by Jung, patient listens to word and then responds with first word that comes to mind-- reveal complexes
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