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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Observation That is Scientific |
Study large and diverse groups, observations are objective, and use research tools |
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Theory that is Systematic |
Relating the ideas to one another to create theory that is organized |
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Theory That is Testable |
Develop theoretical ideas that can be proved by objective scientific evidence |
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Theory That is Comprehensive |
Addressing all significant questions about personality functioning, development, and individual differences |
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Applications: From Theory to Practice |
Convert the theoretical ideas into beneficial applications |
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Field of Personality addresses three issues: |
Human universals, Individual Differences, and Individual Uniqueness |
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Personality |
Psychological qualities that contribute to an individual's enduring and distinctive patterns of feeling, thinking, and behaving |
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Questions About People Generally 3 Types |
What they are like? How they became that way? Why they behave as they do? |
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Personality Structure |
The basic units or building blocks of personality |
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Personality process |
The dynamic aspects of personality, including motives |
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Growth and development |
How we develop into the unique person each of us is |
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Psychopathology and Behavior Change |
How people change and why they sometimes resist change or are unable to change |
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Units of Analysis |
Different theorists provide different basic variables |
Important for understanding how personality theories differ |
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Trait |
Consistent style of emotion or behavior that a person displays across a variety of situations |
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Type |
The clustering of many different traits |
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Three Types of Persons |
(1) people who reapond in an adaptive, resilent manner to psychological stress (2) people who respond in a manner that is socially inhibited or emotionally overcontrolled (3) people who respond in an uninhibited or undercontrolled manner |
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System |
A collection of highly interconnected parts whose overall behavior reflects not only the individual parts, but their organization |
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Hierarchy |
Some structural units being higher in order and therefore controlling the function of other units |
Jogging and getting into shape...ioggimg serves the purpose of gettimg into shape but getting into shape doesn't serve the purpose of jogging |
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Temperament |
Biologically based emotional and behavioral tendencies that are evident in early childhood |
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Case Studies |
An approach to research in which one studies an individual person in great detail |
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Correlational Coefficient |
A numerical index that summarizes the degree to which two variables are related linearly |
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Correlational Research |
An approach to research in which existing individual differences are measured and related to one another, rather than being manipulated as in experimental research |
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Demand Characteristics |
Cues that are implicit (hidden) in the experimental setting and influence the subject's behavior. |
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Electroencephalography (EEG) |
A method for recording electrical activity in the brain |
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Experimental Research |
An approach to research in which the experimenter manipulates a variable of interest, usually by assigning different research participants, at random, to different experimental conditions |
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Experimenter Expectancy Effects |
Unintended experimenter effects involving behaviors that lead subjects to respond in accordance with the experimenter's hypothesis |
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) |
A method for depicting brain sctivity ehile a person carries out different tasks that is based on the fact that blood flow to different areas of the brain fluctuates as those brain areas become active during task performance |
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Idiographic (strategies) |
Strategies of assessment and research in which the primary goal is to obtain a portrait of the potentially unique, idiosyncratic individual |
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L-data |
Life record data or information concerning the person that can be obtained from the person's life history or life record |
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Nomothetic (strategies) |
Strategies of assessment and research in which the primary goal is to identify a common set of principles or laws that apply to all members of a population of persons |
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O-data |
Observer data or information provided by knowledgeable observers such as parents, friends, or teachers |
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Reliability |
The extent to which observations are stable, dependable, and can be replicated |
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Response Style |
The tendency of some subjects to respond to test items in a consistent, patterned way that has to do with the form of the questions or answers rather than with their content |
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S-data |
Self-report data or information provided by the subject |
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T-data |
Test data or information obtained from experimental procedures or standardized tests |
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Validity |
The extent to which observations reflect the phenomena or constructs of interest to us |
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